javassist/src/main/javassist/CtClass.java

/*
 * Javassist, a Java-bytecode translator toolkit.
 * Copyright (C) 1999- Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.
 *
 * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License Version
 * 1.1 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  Alternatively, the contents of this file may be used under
 * the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1 or later,
 * or the Apache License Version 2.0.
 *
 * Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License
 * for the specific language governing rights and limitations under the
 * License.
 */

package javassist;

import java.io.BufferedOutputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.ProtectionDomain;
import java.util.Collection;

import javassist.bytecode.ClassFile;
import javassist.bytecode.Descriptor;
import javassist.bytecode.Opcode;
import javassist.expr.ExprEditor;

/* Note:
 *
 * This class is an abstract class and several methods just return null
 * or throw an exception.  Those methods are overridden in subclasses
 * of this class.  Read the source code of CtClassType if you are
 * interested in the implementation of Javassist.
 *
 * Subclasses of CtClass are CtClassType, CtPrimitiveType, and CtArray.
 */

/**
 * An instance of <code>CtClass</code> represents a class.
 * It is obtained from <code>ClassPool</code>.
 *
 * @see ClassPool#get(String)
 */
public abstract class CtClass {
    protected String qualifiedName;

    /**
     * If the value of this field is not null, then all class
     * files modified by Javassist are saved under the directory
     * specified by this variable.  For example, if the value is
     * <code>"./debug"</code>, then all class files are saved
     * there.  The directory name must not end with a directory
     * separator such as <code>/</code>.
     *
     * <p>The default value is null.
     *
     * @see #debugWriteFile(String)
     * @since 3.16
     */
    public static String debugDump = null;

    /**
     * The version number of this release.
     */
    public static final String version = "3.29.2-GA";

    /**
     * Prints the version number and the copyright notice.
     *
     * <p>The following command invokes this method:
     *
     * <pre>java -jar javassist.jar</pre>
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println("Javassist version " + CtClass.version);
        System.out.println("Copyright (C) 1999-2022 Shigeru Chiba."
                           + " All Rights Reserved.");
    }

    static final String javaLangObject = "java.lang.Object";

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>boolean</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass booleanType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>char</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass charType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>byte</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass byteType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>short</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass shortType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>int</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass intType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>long</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass longType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>float</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass floatType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>double</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass doubleType;

    /**
     * The <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the <code>void</code> type.
     */
    public static CtClass voidType;

    static CtClass[] primitiveTypes;

    static {
        primitiveTypes = new CtClass[9];

        booleanType =
            new CtPrimitiveType("boolean", 'Z', "java.lang.Boolean",
                                "booleanValue", "()Z", Opcode.IRETURN,
                                Opcode.T_BOOLEAN, 1);
        primitiveTypes[0] = booleanType;

        charType = new CtPrimitiveType("char", 'C', "java.lang.Character",
                                       "charValue", "()C", Opcode.IRETURN,
                                       Opcode.T_CHAR, 1);
        primitiveTypes[1] = charType;

        byteType = new CtPrimitiveType("byte", 'B', "java.lang.Byte",
                                       "byteValue", "()B", Opcode.IRETURN,
                                       Opcode.T_BYTE, 1);
        primitiveTypes[2] = byteType;

        shortType = new CtPrimitiveType("short", 'S', "java.lang.Short",
                                        "shortValue", "()S", Opcode.IRETURN,
                                        Opcode.T_SHORT, 1);
        primitiveTypes[3] = shortType;

        intType = new CtPrimitiveType("int", 'I', "java.lang.Integer",
                                      "intValue", "()I", Opcode.IRETURN,
                                      Opcode.T_INT, 1);
        primitiveTypes[4] = intType;

        longType = new CtPrimitiveType("long", 'J', "java.lang.Long",
                                       "longValue", "()J", Opcode.LRETURN,
                                       Opcode.T_LONG, 2);
        primitiveTypes[5] = longType;

        floatType = new CtPrimitiveType("float", 'F', "java.lang.Float",
                                        "floatValue", "()F", Opcode.FRETURN,
                                        Opcode.T_FLOAT, 1);
        primitiveTypes[6] = floatType;

        doubleType = new CtPrimitiveType("double", 'D', "java.lang.Double",
                                         "doubleValue", "()D", Opcode.DRETURN,
                                         Opcode.T_DOUBLE, 2);
        primitiveTypes[7] = doubleType;

        voidType = new CtPrimitiveType("void", 'V', "java.lang.Void",
                                       null, null, Opcode.RETURN, 0, 0);
        primitiveTypes[8] = voidType;
    }

    protected CtClass(String name) {
        qualifiedName = name;
    }

    /**
     * Converts the object to a string.
     */
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(getClass().getName());
        buf.append('@');
        buf.append(Integer.toHexString(hashCode()));
        buf.append('[');
        extendToString(buf);
        buf.append(']');
        return buf.toString();
    }

    /**
     * Implemented in subclasses to add to the {@link #toString()} result.
     * Subclasses should put a space before each token added to the buffer.
     */
    protected void extendToString(StringBuilder buffer) {
        buffer.append(getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a <code>ClassPool</code> for this class.
     */
    public ClassPool getClassPool() { return null; }

    /**
     * Returns a class file for this class.
     *
     * <p>This method is not available if <code>isFrozen()</code>
     * is true.
     */
    public ClassFile getClassFile() {
        checkModify();
        return getClassFile2();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a class file for this class (read only).
     * Normal applications do not need calling this method.  Use
     * <code>getClassFile()</code>.
     *
     * <p>The <code>ClassFile</code> object obtained by this method
     * is read only.  Changes to this object might not be reflected
     * on a class file generated by <code>toBytecode()</code>,
     * <code>toClass()</code>, etc.
     *
     * <p>This method is available even if <code>isFrozen()</code>
     * is true.  However, if the class is frozen, it might be also
     * pruned.
     *
     * @see CtClass#getClassFile()
     * @see CtClass#isFrozen()
     * @see CtClass#prune()
     */
    public ClassFile getClassFile2() { return null; }

    /**
     * Undocumented method.  Do not use; internal-use only.
     */
    public javassist.compiler.AccessorMaker getAccessorMaker() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the uniform resource locator (URL) of the class file.
     */
    public URL getURL() throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the definition of the class has been modified.
     */
    public boolean isModified() { return false; }

    /**
     * Returns true if the class has been loaded or written out
     * and thus it cannot be modified any more.
     *
     * @see #defrost()
     * @see #detach()
     */
    public boolean isFrozen() { return true; }

    /**
     * Makes the class frozen.
     *
     * @see #isFrozen()
     * @see #defrost()
     * @since 3.6
     */
    public void freeze() {}

    /* Note: this method is overridden by CtClassType
     */
    void checkModify() throws RuntimeException {
        if (isFrozen())
            throw new RuntimeException(getName() + " class is frozen");

        // isModified() must return true after this method is invoked.
    }

    /**
     * Defrosts the class so that the class can be modified again.
     *
     * <p>To avoid changes that will be never reflected,
     * the class is frozen to be unmodifiable if it is loaded or
     * written out.  This method should be called only in a case
     * that the class will be reloaded or written out later again.
     *
     * <p>If <code>defrost()</code> will be called later, pruning
     * must be disallowed in advance.
     *
     * @see #isFrozen()
     * @see #stopPruning(boolean)
     * @see #detach()
     */
    public void defrost() {
        throw new RuntimeException("cannot defrost " + getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns <code>true</code> if this object represents a primitive
     * Java type: boolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float, double,
     * or void.
     */
    public boolean isPrimitive() { return false; }

    /**
     * Returns <code>true</code> if this object represents an array type.
     */
    public boolean isArray() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <code>true</code> if this object represents a Kotlin class.
     * @since 3.26
     */
    public boolean isKotlin() {
        return hasAnnotation("kotlin.Metadata");
    }

    /**
     * If this object represents an array, this method returns the component
     * type of the array.  Otherwise, it returns <code>null</code>.
     */
    public CtClass getComponentType() throws NotFoundException {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns <code>true</code> if this class extends or implements
     * <code>clazz</code>.  It also returns <code>true</code> if
     * this class is the same as <code>clazz</code>.
     */
    public boolean subtypeOf(CtClass clazz) throws NotFoundException {
        return this == clazz || getName().equals(clazz.getName());
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the fully-qualified name of the class.
     */
    public String getName() { return qualifiedName; }

    /**
     * Obtains the not-qualified class name.
     */
    public final String getSimpleName() {
        String qname = qualifiedName;
        int index = qname.lastIndexOf('.');
        if (index < 0)
            return qname;
        return qname.substring(index + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the package name.  It may be <code>null</code>.
     */
    public final String getPackageName() {
        String qname = qualifiedName;
        int index = qname.lastIndexOf('.');
        if (index < 0)
            return null;
        return qname.substring(0, index);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the class name
     *
     * @param name      fully-qualified name
     */
    public void setName(String name) {
        checkModify();
        if (name != null)
            qualifiedName = name;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the generic signature of the class.
     *
     * <p>The generics of Java is implemented by the erasure technique.
     * After compilation, all type parameters are dropped off from the
     * main part of a class file.  However, for reflection, the type
     * parameters are encoded into generic signatures and attached
     * to a class file.
     *
     * @return null if the generic signature is not included.
     * @see javassist.bytecode.SignatureAttribute#toClassSignature(String)
     * @see CtMember#getGenericSignature()
     * @since 3.17
     */
    public String getGenericSignature() { return null; }

    /**
     * Sets the generic signature of the class.
     *
     * <p>The generics of Java is implemented by the erasure technique.
     * After compilation, all type parameters are dropped off from the
     * main part of a class file.  However, for reflection, the type
     * parameters must be encoded into generic signatures and attached
     * to a class file.
     *
     * <p>For example,
     *
     * <pre>class List&lt;T&gt; {
     *     T value;
     *     T get() { return value; }
     *     void set(T v) { value = v; }
     * }
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>this class is generated by the following code:
     *
     * <pre>
     * ClassPool pool = ClassPool.getDefault();
     * CtClass cc = pool.makeClass("List");
     * CtClass objectClass = pool.get(CtClass.javaLangObject);
     * ClassSignature cs = new ClassSignature(
     *                         new TypeParameter[] { new TypeParameter("T") });
     * cc.setGenericSignature(cs.encode());    // &lt;T:Ljava/lang/Object;&gt;Ljava/lang/Object;
     *
     * CtField f = new CtField(objClass, "value", cc);
     * TypeVariable tvar = new TypeVariable("T");
     * f.setGenericSignature(tvar.encode());   // TT;
     * cc.addField(f);
     *
     * CtMethod m = CtNewMethod.make("public Object get(){return value;}", cc);
     * MethodSignature ms = new MethodSignature(null, null, tvar, null);
     * m.setGenericSignature(ms.encode());     // ()TT;
     * cc.addMethod(m);
     *
     * CtMethod m2 = CtNewMethod.make("public void set(Object v){value = v;}", cc);
     * MethodSignature ms2 = new MethodSignature(null, new Type[] { tvar },
     *                                           new BaseType("void"), null);
     * m2.setGenericSignature(ms2.encode());   // (TT;)V;
     * cc.addMethod(m2);
     *
     * cc.writeFile();
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>The generated class file is equivalent to the following:
     *
     * <pre>class List {
     *     Object value;
     *     Object get() { return value; }
     *     void set(Object v) { value = v; }
     * }</pre>
     *
     * <p>but it includes generic signatures for the class, the field,
     * and the methods so that the type variable <code>T</code> can be
     * accessible through reflection.
     *
     * <p><code>MethodSignature</code> is a utility class.  You can directly
     * pass the signature string to the <code>setGenericSignature</code> method.
     * For the specification of the signatures, see Section 4.7.9.1 <i>Signatures</i>
     * of The Java Virtual Machine Specification (Java SE 8).
     *
     * @param sig       a generic signature.
     * @see javassist.bytecode.SignatureAttribute.ClassSignature#encode()
     * @see javassist.bytecode.SignatureAttribute.MethodSignature#encode()
     * @see CtMember#setGenericSignature(String)
     * @since 3.17
     */
    public void setGenericSignature(String sig) { checkModify(); }

    /**
     * Substitutes <code>newName</code> for all occurrences of a class
     * name <code>oldName</code> in the class file.
     *
     * @param oldName           replaced class name
     * @param newName           substituted class name
     */
    public void replaceClassName(String oldName, String newName) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Changes class names appearing in the class file according to the
     * given <code>map</code>.
     *
     * <p>All the class names appearing in the class file are tested
     * with <code>map</code> to determine whether each class name is
     * replaced or not.  Thus this method can be used for collecting
     * all the class names in the class file.  To do that, first define
     * a subclass of <code>ClassMap</code> so that <code>get()</code>
     * records all the given parameters.  Then, make an instance of
     * that subclass as an empty hash-table.  Finally, pass that instance
     * to this method.  After this method finishes, that instance would
     * contain all the class names appearing in the class file.
     *
     * @param map       the hashtable associating replaced class names
     *                  with substituted names.
     */
    public void replaceClassName(ClassMap map) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a collection of the names of all the classes
     * referenced in this class.
     * That collection includes the name of this class.
     *
     * <p>This method may return <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @return a <code>Collection&lt;String&gt;</code> object.
     */
    public synchronized Collection<String> getRefClasses() {
        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
        if (cf != null) {
            ClassMap cm = new ClassMap() {
                /** default serialVersionUID */
                private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
                @Override
                public String put(String oldname, String newname) {
                    return put0(oldname, newname);
                }
                @Override
                public String get(Object jvmClassName) {
                    String n = toJavaName((String)jvmClassName);
                    put0(n, n);
                    return null;
                }

                @Override
                public void fix(String name) {}
            };
            cf.getRefClasses(cm);
            return cm.values();
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a collection of the names of all the classes
     * referenced in this class.
     * This reference contains a reference to the generic.
     * If you wish to exclude generics,see this method{@link  CtClass#getRefClasses()}
     * That collection includes the name of this class.
     *
     * <p>This method may return <code>null</code>.
     *
     * @return a <code>Collection&lt;String&gt;</code> object.
     */
    public synchronized Collection<String> getAllRefClasses() {
        ClassFile cf = getClassFile2();
        if (cf != null) {
            ClassMap cm = new ClassMap() {
                /** default serialVersionUID */
                private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
                @Override
                public String put(String oldname, String newname) {
                    return put0(oldname, newname);
                }
                @Override
                public String get(Object jvmClassName) {
                    String n = toJavaName((String)jvmClassName);
                    put0(n, n);
                    return null;
                }

                @Override
                public void fix(String name) {}
            };
            cf.getAllRefClasses(cm);
            return cm.values();
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether this object represents a class or an interface.
     * It returns <code>true</code> if this object represents an interface.
     */
    public boolean isInterface() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether this object represents an annotation type.
     * It returns <code>true</code> if this object represents an annotation type.
     *
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public boolean isAnnotation() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether this object represents an enum.
     * It returns <code>true</code> if this object represents an enum.
     *
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public boolean isEnum() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the modifiers for this class, encoded in an integer.
     * For decoding, use <code>javassist.Modifier</code>.
     *
     * <p>If the class is a static nested class (a.k.a. static inner class),
     * the returned modifiers include <code>Modifier.STATIC</code>. 
     *
     * @see Modifier
     */
    public int getModifiers() {
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the class has the specified annotation type.
     *
     * @param annotationType the annotation type.
     * @return <code>true</code> if the annotation is found, otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * @since 3.11
     */
    public boolean hasAnnotation(Class<?> annotationType) {
        return hasAnnotation(annotationType.getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the class has the specified annotation type.
     *
     * @param annotationTypeName the name of annotation type.
     * @return <code>true</code> if the annotation is found, otherwise <code>false</code>.
     * @since 3.21
     */
    public boolean hasAnnotation(String annotationTypeName) {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the annotation if the class has the specified annotation type.
     * For example, if an annotation <code>@Author</code> is associated
     * with this class, an <code>Author</code> object is returned.
     * The member values can be obtained by calling methods on
     * the <code>Author</code> object.
     *
     * @param clz the annotation type.
     * @return the annotation if found, otherwise <code>null</code>.
     * @since 3.11
     */
    public Object getAnnotation(Class<?> clz) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the annotations associated with this class.
     * For example, if an annotation <code>@Author</code> is associated
     * with this class, the returned array contains an <code>Author</code>
     * object.  The member values can be obtained by calling methods on
     * the <code>Author</code> object.
     *
     * @return an array of annotation-type objects.
     * @see CtMember#getAnnotations()
     * @since 3.1
     */
    public Object[] getAnnotations() throws ClassNotFoundException {
        return new Object[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the annotations associated with this class.
     * This method is equivalent to <code>getAnnotations()</code>
     * except that, if any annotations are not on the classpath,
     * they are not included in the returned array.
     *
     * @return an array of annotation-type objects.
     * @see #getAnnotations()
     * @see CtMember#getAvailableAnnotations()
     * @since 3.3
     */
    public Object[] getAvailableAnnotations(){
       return new Object[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array of nested classes declared in the class.
     * Nested classes are inner classes, anonymous classes, local classes,
     * and static nested classes.  This simply calls <code>getNestedClasses()</code>.
     *
     * @see #getNestedClasses()
     * @since 3.15
     */
    public CtClass[] getDeclaredClasses() throws NotFoundException {
        return getNestedClasses();
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array of nested classes declared in the class.
     * Nested classes are inner classes, anonymous classes, local classes,
     * and static nested classes.
     *
     * @since 3.2
     */
    public CtClass[] getNestedClasses() throws NotFoundException {
        return new CtClass[0];
    }

    /**
     * Sets the modifiers.
     *
     * <p>If the class is a nested class, this method also modifies
     * the class declaring that nested class (i.e. the enclosing
     * class is modified).
     *
     * @param mod       modifiers encoded by
     *                  <code>javassist.Modifier</code>
     * @see Modifier
     */
    public void setModifiers(int mod) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether the class directly or indirectly extends
     * the given class.  If this class extends a class A and
     * the class A extends a class B, then subclassof(B) returns true.
     *
     * <p>This method returns true if the given class is identical to
     * the class represented by this object.
     */
    public boolean subclassOf(CtClass superclass) {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the class object representing the superclass of the
     * class.
     * It returns null if this object represents the
     * <code>java.lang.Object</code> class and thus it does not have
     * the super class.
     *
     * <p>If this object represents an interface, this method
     * always returns the <code>java.lang.Object</code> class.
     * To obtain the super interfaces
     * extended by that interface, call <code>getInterfaces()</code>.
     */
    public CtClass getSuperclass() throws NotFoundException {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Changes a super class unless this object represents an interface.
     * The new super class must be compatible with the old one; for example,
     * it should inherit from the old super class.
     *
     * <p>If this object represents an interface, this method is equivalent
     * to <code>addInterface()</code>; it appends <code>clazz</code> to
     * the list of the super interfaces extended by that interface.
     * Note that an interface can extend multiple super interfaces.
     *
     * @see #replaceClassName(String, String)
     * @see #replaceClassName(ClassMap)
     */
    public void setSuperclass(CtClass clazz) throws CannotCompileException {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Obtains the class objects representing the interfaces implemented
     * by the class or, if this object represents an interface, the interfaces
     * extended by that interface.
     */
    public CtClass[] getInterfaces() throws NotFoundException {
        return new CtClass[0];
    }

    /**
     * Sets implemented interfaces.  If this object represents an interface,
     * this method sets the interfaces extended by that interface.
     *
     * @param list              a list of the <code>CtClass</code> objects
     *                          representing interfaces, or
     *                          <code>null</code> if the class implements
     *                          no interfaces.
     */
    public void setInterfaces(CtClass[] list) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an interface.
     *
     * @param anInterface       the added interface.
     */
    public void addInterface(CtClass anInterface) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * If this class is a member class or interface of another class,
     * then the class enclosing this class is returned.
     *
     * @return null if this class is a top-level class or an anonymous class.
     */
    public CtClass getDeclaringClass() throws NotFoundException {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the immediately enclosing method of this class.
     * This method works only with JDK 1.5 or later.
     * 
     * @return null if this class is not a local class or an anonymous
     * class.
     * @deprecated The enclosing method might be a constructor.
     *             Use {@link #getEnclosingBehavior()}.
     * @see #getEnclosingBehavior()
     */
    @Deprecated
    public final CtMethod getEnclosingMethod() throws NotFoundException {
        CtBehavior b = getEnclosingBehavior();
        if (b == null)
            return null;
        else if (b instanceof CtMethod)
            return (CtMethod)b;
        else
            throw new NotFoundException(b.getLongName() + " is enclosing " + getName());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the immediately enclosing method of this class.
     * It might be not a method but a constructor.
     * This method works only with JDK 1.5 or later.
     *
     * @return null if this class is not a local class or an anonymous
     * class.
     */
    public CtBehavior getEnclosingBehavior() throws NotFoundException {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Makes a new public nested class.  If this method is called,
     * the <code>CtClass</code>, which encloses the nested class, is modified
     * since a class file includes a list of nested classes.  
     *
     * <p>The current implementation only supports a static nested class.
     * <code>isStatic</code> must be true.
     *
     * @param name          the simple name of the nested class.
     * @param isStatic      true if the nested class is static.
     */
    public CtClass makeNestedClass(String name, boolean isStatic) {
        throw new RuntimeException(getName() + " is not a class");
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing <code>CtField</code> objects
     * representing all the non-private fields of the class.
     * That array includes non-private fields inherited from the
     * superclasses.
     */
    public CtField[] getFields() { return new CtField[0]; }

    /**
     * Returns the field with the specified name.  The returned field
     * may be a private field declared in a super class or interface.
     */
    public CtField getField(String name) throws NotFoundException {
        return getField(name, null);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the field with the specified name and type.  The returned field
     * may be a private field declared in a super class or interface.
     * Unlike Java, the JVM allows a class to have
     * multiple fields with the same name but different types.
     *
     * @param name      the field name.
     * @param desc      the type descriptor of the field.  It is available by
     *                  {@link CtField#getSignature()}.
     * @see CtField#getSignature()
     */
    public CtField getField(String name, String desc) throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * @return null     if the specified field is not found.
     */
    CtField getField2(String name, String desc) { return null; }

    /**
     * Gets all the fields declared in the class.  The inherited fields
     * are not included.
     *
     * <p>Note: the result does not include inherited fields.
     */
    public CtField[] getDeclaredFields() { return new CtField[0]; }

    /**
     * Retrieves the field with the specified name among the fields
     * declared in the class.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method does not search the super classes.
     */
    public CtField getDeclaredField(String name) throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the field with the specified name and type among the fields
     * declared in the class.  Unlike Java, the JVM allows a class to have
     * multiple fields with the same name but different types.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method does not search the super classes.
     *
     * @param name      the field name.
     * @param desc      the type descriptor of the field.  It is available by
     *                  {@link CtField#getSignature()}.
     * @see CtField#getSignature()
     */
    public CtField getDeclaredField(String name, String desc) throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Gets all the constructors and methods declared in the class.
     */
    public CtBehavior[] getDeclaredBehaviors() {
        return new CtBehavior[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing <code>CtConstructor</code> objects
     * representing all the non-private constructors of the class.
     */
    public CtConstructor[] getConstructors() {
        return new CtConstructor[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the constructor with the given signature,
     * which is represented by a character string
     * called method descriptor.
     * For details of the method descriptor, see the JVM specification
     * or <code>javassist.bytecode.Descriptor</code>.
     *
     * @param desc      method descriptor
     * @see javassist.bytecode.Descriptor
     */
    public CtConstructor getConstructor(String desc)
        throws NotFoundException
    {
        throw new NotFoundException("no such constructor");
    }

    /**
     * Gets all the constructors declared in the class.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtConstructor
     */
    public CtConstructor[] getDeclaredConstructors() {
        return new CtConstructor[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns a constructor receiving the specified parameters.
     *
     * @param params    parameter types.
     */
    public CtConstructor getDeclaredConstructor(CtClass[] params)
        throws NotFoundException
    {
        String desc = Descriptor.ofConstructor(params);
        return getConstructor(desc);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the class initializer (static constructor)
     * declared in the class.
     * This method returns <code>null</code> if
     * no class initializer is not declared.
     *
     * @see #makeClassInitializer()
     * @see javassist.CtConstructor
     */
    public CtConstructor getClassInitializer() {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Returns an array containing <code>CtMethod</code> objects
     * representing all the non-private methods of the class.
     * That array includes non-private methods inherited from the
     * superclasses.
     */
    public CtMethod[] getMethods() {
        return new CtMethod[0];
    }

    /**
     * Returns the method with the given name and signature.
     * The returned method may be declared in a super class.
     * The method signature is represented by a character string
     * called method descriptor,
     * which is defined in the JVM specification.
     *
     * @param name      method name
     * @param desc      method descriptor
     * @see CtBehavior#getSignature()
     * @see javassist.bytecode.Descriptor
     */
    public CtMethod getMethod(String name, String desc)
        throws NotFoundException
    {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Gets all methods declared in the class.  The inherited methods
     * are not included.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtMethod
     */
    public CtMethod[] getDeclaredMethods() {
        return new CtMethod[0];
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the method with the specified name and parameter types
     * among the methods declared in the class.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method does not search the superclasses.
     *
     * @param name              method name
     * @param params            parameter types
     * @see javassist.CtMethod
     */
    public CtMethod getDeclaredMethod(String name, CtClass[] params)
        throws NotFoundException
    {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves methods with the specified name among the methods
     * declared in the class.  Multiple methods with different parameters
     * may be returned.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method does not search the superclasses.</p>
     *
     * @param name      method name.
     * @since 3.19
     */
    public CtMethod[] getDeclaredMethods(String name) throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Retrieves the method with the specified name among the methods
     * declared in the class.  If there are multiple methods with
     * the specified name, then this method returns one of them.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method does not search the superclasses.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtMethod
     */
    public CtMethod getDeclaredMethod(String name) throws NotFoundException {
        throw new NotFoundException(name);
    }

    /**
     * Makes an empty class initializer (static constructor).
     * If the class already includes a class initializer,
     * this method returns it.
     *
     * @see #getClassInitializer()
     */
    public CtConstructor makeClassInitializer()
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        throw new CannotCompileException("not a class");
    }

    /**
     * Adds a constructor.  To add a class initializer (static constructor),
     * call <code>makeClassInitializer()</code>.
     *
     * @see #makeClassInitializer()
     */
    public void addConstructor(CtConstructor c)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Removes a constructor declared in this class.
     *
     * @param c     removed constructor.
     * @throws NotFoundException   if the constructor is not found.
     */
    public void removeConstructor(CtConstructor c) throws NotFoundException {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Adds a method.
     */
    public void addMethod(CtMethod m) throws CannotCompileException {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Removes a method declared in this class.
     *
     * @param m     removed method.
     * @throws NotFoundException   if the method is not found.
     */
    public void removeMethod(CtMethod m) throws NotFoundException {
        checkModify();
     }

    /**
     * Adds a field.
     *
     * <p>The <code>CtField</code> belonging to another
     * <code>CtClass</code> cannot be directly added to this class.
     * Only a field created for this class can be added.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtField#CtField(CtField,CtClass)
     */
    public void addField(CtField f) throws CannotCompileException {
        addField(f, (CtField.Initializer)null);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a field with an initial value.
     *
     * <p>The <code>CtField</code> belonging to another
     * <code>CtClass</code> cannot be directly added to this class.
     * Only a field created for this class can be added.
     *
     * <p>The initial value is given as an expression written in Java.
     * Any regular Java expression can be used for specifying the initial
     * value.  The followings are examples.
     *
     * <pre>
     * cc.addField(f, "0")               // the initial value is 0.
     * cc.addField(f, "i + 1")           // i + 1.
     * cc.addField(f, "new Point()");    // a Point object.
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>Here, the type of variable <code>cc</code> is <code>CtClass</code>.
     * The type of <code>f</code> is <code>CtField</code>.
     *
     * <p>Note: do not change the modifier of the field
     * (in particular, do not add or remove <code>static</code>
     * to/from the modifier)
     * after it is added to the class by <code>addField()</code>.
     *
     * @param init      an expression for the initial value.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtField.Initializer#byExpr(String)
     * @see javassist.CtField#CtField(CtField,CtClass)
     */
    public void addField(CtField f, String init)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Adds a field with an initial value.
     *
     * <p>The <code>CtField</code> belonging to another
     * <code>CtClass</code> cannot be directly added to this class.
     * Only a field created for this class can be added.
     *
     * <p>For example,
     *
     * <pre>
     * CtClass cc = ...;
     * addField(new CtField(CtClass.intType, "i", cc),
     *          CtField.Initializer.constant(1));
     * </pre>
     *
     * <p>This code adds an <code>int</code> field named "i".  The
     * initial value of this field is 1.
     *
     * @param init      specifies the initial value of the field.
     *
     * @see javassist.CtField#CtField(CtField,CtClass)
     */
    public void addField(CtField f, CtField.Initializer init)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Removes a field declared in this class.
     *
     * @param f     removed field.
     * @throws NotFoundException   if the field is not found.
     */
    public void removeField(CtField f) throws NotFoundException {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Obtains an attribute with the given name.
     * If that attribute is not found in the class file, this
     * method returns null.
     *
     * <p>This is a convenient method mainly for obtaining
     * a user-defined attribute.  For dealing with attributes, see the
     * <code>javassist.bytecode</code> package.  For example, the following
     * expression returns all the attributes of a class file.
     *
     * <pre>
     * getClassFile().getAttributes()
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param name              attribute name
     * @see javassist.bytecode.AttributeInfo
     */
    public byte[] getAttribute(String name) {
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * Adds a named attribute.
     * An arbitrary data (smaller than 64Kb) can be saved in the class
     * file.  Some attribute name are reserved by the JVM.
     * The attributes with the non-reserved names are ignored when a
     * class file is loaded into the JVM.
     * If there is already an attribute with
     * the same name, this method substitutes the new one for it.
     *
     * <p>This is a convenient method mainly for adding
     * a user-defined attribute.  For dealing with attributes, see the
     * <code>javassist.bytecode</code> package.  For example, the following
     * expression adds an attribute <code>info</code> to a class file.
     *
     * <pre>
     * getClassFile().addAttribute(info)
     * </pre>
     *
     * @param name      attribute name
     * @param data      attribute value
     * @see javassist.bytecode.AttributeInfo
     */
    public void setAttribute(String name, byte[] data) {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Applies the given converter to all methods and constructors
     * declared in the class.  This method calls <code>instrument()</code>
     * on every <code>CtMethod</code> and <code>CtConstructor</code> object
     * in the class.
     *
     * @param converter         specifies how to modify.
     */
    public void instrument(CodeConverter converter)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Modifies the bodies of all methods and constructors
     * declared in the class.  This method calls <code>instrument()</code>
     * on every <code>CtMethod</code> and <code>CtConstructor</code> object
     * in the class.
     *
     * @param editor            specifies how to modify.
     */
    public void instrument(ExprEditor editor)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        checkModify();
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * allowed any more.
     * To load the class, this method uses the context class loader
     * of the current thread.  If the program is running on some application
     * server, the context class loader might be inappropriate to load the
     * class.
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> In Java 11 or later, the call to this method will
     * print a warning message:</p>
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * WARNING: An illegal reflective access operation has occurred
     * WARNING: Illegal reflective access by javassist.util.proxy.SecurityActions$3 ...
     * WARNING: Please consider reporting this to the maintainers of javassist.util.proxy.SecurityActions$3
     * WARNING: Use --illegal-access=warn to enable warnings of further illegal reflective access operations
     * WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * <p>To avoid this message, use {@link #toClass(Class)}
     * or {@link #toClass(java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup)}.
     * {@link #toClass()} will be unavailable in a future release.
     * </p>
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> A Class object returned by this method may not
     * work with a security manager or a signed jar file because a
     * protection domain is not specified.</p>
     *
     * <p>Note: this method calls <code>toClass()</code>
     * in <code>ClassPool</code>.</p>
     *
     * @see #toClass(java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup)
     * @see #toClass(Class)
     * @see ClassPool#toClass(CtClass)
     */
    public Class<?> toClass() throws CannotCompileException {
        return getClassPool().toClass(this);
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * allowed any more.
     *
     * <p>This method is provided for convenience.  You should use
     * {@code toClass(Lookup)} for better compatibility with the
     * module system.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method calls <code>toClass()</code>
     * in <code>ClassPool</code>.
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> A Class object returned by this method may not
     * work with a security manager or a signed jar file because a
     * protection domain is not specified.
     *
     * @param neighbor    A class belonging to the same package that this
     *                    class belongs to.  It is used to load the class.
     * @see ClassPool#toClass(CtClass,Class)
     * @see #toClass(java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup)
     * @since 3.24
     */
    public Class<?> toClass(Class<?> neighbor) throws CannotCompileException
    {
        return getClassPool().toClass(this, neighbor);
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * allowed any more.
     *
     * <p>This method is provided for convenience.  If you need more
     * complex functionality, you should write your own class loader.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method calls <code>toClass()</code>
     * in <code>ClassPool</code>.
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> A Class object returned by this method may not
     * work with a security manager or a signed jar file because a
     * protection domain is not specified.
     *
     * @param lookup    used when loading the class.  It has to have
     *                  an access right to define a new class.
     * @see ClassPool#toClass(CtClass,java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup)
     * @since 3.24
     */
    public Class<?> toClass(java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles.Lookup lookup)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        return getClassPool().toClass(this, lookup);
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not allowed
     * any more.
     *
     * <p>The class file represented by this <code>CtClass</code> is
     * loaded by the given class loader to construct a
     * <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.  Since a private method
     * on the class loader is invoked through the reflection API,
     * the caller must have permissions to do that.
     *
     * <p>An easy way to obtain <code>ProtectionDomain</code> object is
     * to call <code>getProtectionDomain()</code>
     * in <code>java.lang.Class</code>.  It returns the domain that
     * the class belongs to.
     *
     * <p>This method is provided for convenience.  If you need more
     * complex functionality, you should write your own class loader.
     *
     * <p>Note: this method calls <code>toClass()</code>
     * in <code>ClassPool</code>.
     *
     * @param loader        the class loader used to load this class.
     *                      If it is null, the class loader returned by
     *                      {@link ClassPool#getClassLoader()} is used.
     * @param domain        the protection domain that the class belongs to.
     *                      If it is null, the default domain created
     *                      by <code>java.lang.ClassLoader</code> is used.
     * @see ClassPool#toClass(CtClass,java.lang.ClassLoader)
     * @since 3.3
     */
    public Class<?> toClass(ClassLoader loader, ProtectionDomain domain)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        ClassPool cp = getClassPool();
        if (loader == null)
            loader = cp.getClassLoader();

        return cp.toClass(this, null, loader, domain);
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a <code>java.lang.Class</code> object.
     *
     * <p><b>Warning:</b> A Class object returned by this method may not
     * work with a security manager or a signed jar file because a
     * protection domain is not specified.
     *
     * @deprecated      Replaced by {@link #toClass(ClassLoader,ProtectionDomain)}
     */
    @Deprecated
    public final Class<?> toClass(ClassLoader loader)
        throws CannotCompileException
    {
        return getClassPool().toClass(this, null, loader, null);
    }

    /**
     * Removes this <code>CtClass</code> object from the
     * <code>ClassPool</code>.
     * After this method is called, any method cannot be called on the
     * removed <code>CtClass</code> object.
     *
     * <p>If <code>get()</code> in <code>ClassPool</code> is called
     * with the name of the removed method,
     * the <code>ClassPool</code> will read the class file again
     * and constructs another <code>CtClass</code> object representing
     * the same class.
     */
    public void detach() {
        ClassPool cp = getClassPool();
        CtClass obj = cp.removeCached(getName());
        if (obj != null && obj != this)
            cp.cacheCtClass(getName(), obj, false);
    }

    /**
     * Disallows (or allows) automatically pruning this <code>CtClass</code>
     * object.
     *
     * <p>
     * Javassist can automatically prune a <code>CtClass</code> object
     * when <code>toBytecode()</code> (or <code>toClass()</code>,
     * <code>writeFile()</code>) is called.
     * Since a <code>ClassPool</code> holds all instances of <code>CtClass</code>
     * even after <code>toBytecode()</code> (or <code>toClass()</code>,
     * <code>writeFile()</code>) is called, pruning may significantly
     * save memory consumption.
     *
     * <p>If <code>ClassPool.doPruning</code> is true, the automatic pruning
     * is on by default.  Otherwise, it is off.  The default value of
     * <code>ClassPool.doPruning</code> is false.
     * 
     * @param stop      disallow pruning if true.  Otherwise, allow.
     * @return the previous status of pruning.  true if pruning is already stopped.
     *
     * @see #detach()
     * @see #prune()
     * @see ClassPool#doPruning
     */
    public boolean stopPruning(boolean stop) { return true; }

    /**
     * Discards unnecessary attributes, in particular,
     * <code>CodeAttribute</code>s (method bodies) of the class,
     * to minimize the memory footprint.
     * After calling this method, the class is read only.
     * It cannot be modified any more.
     * Furthermore, <code>toBytecode()</code>,
     * <code>writeFile()</code>, <code>toClass()</code>,
     * or <code>instrument()</code> cannot be called.
     * However, the method names and signatures in the class etc.
     * are still accessible.
     *
     * <p><code>toBytecode()</code>, <code>writeFile()</code>, and
     * <code>toClass()</code> internally call this method if
     * automatic pruning is on. 
     *
     * <p>According to some experiments, pruning does not really reduce
     * memory consumption.  Only about 20%.  Since pruning takes time,
     * it might not pay off.  So the automatic pruning is off by default.
     *
     * @see #stopPruning(boolean)
     * @see #detach()
     * @see ClassPool#doPruning
     *
     * @see #toBytecode()
     * @see #toClass(Class)
     * @see #writeFile()
     * @see #instrument(CodeConverter)
     * @see #instrument(ExprEditor)
     */
    public void prune() {}

    /* Called by get() in ClassPool.
     * CtClassType overrides this method.
     */
    void incGetCounter() {}

    /**
     * If this method is called, the class file will be
     * rebuilt when it is finally generated by
     * <code>toBytecode()</code> and <code>writeFile()</code>.
     * For a performance reason, the symbol table of the
     * class file may contain unused entries, for example,
     * after a method or a filed is deleted.
     * This method
     * removes those unused entries.  This removal will
     * minimize the size of the class file.
     *
     * @since 3.8.1
     */
    public void rebuildClassFile() {}

    /**
     * Converts this class to a class file.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * possible any more.
     *
     * @return the contents of the class file.
     */
    public byte[] toBytecode() throws IOException, CannotCompileException {
        ByteArrayOutputStream barray = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(barray);
        try {
            toBytecode(out);
        }
        finally {
            out.close();
        }

        return barray.toByteArray();
    }

    /**
     * Writes a class file represented by this <code>CtClass</code>
     * object in the current directory.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * possible any more.
     *
     * @see #debugWriteFile()
     */
    public void writeFile()
        throws NotFoundException, IOException, CannotCompileException
    {
        writeFile(".");
    }

    /**
     * Writes a class file represented by this <code>CtClass</code>
     * object on a local disk.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * possible any more.
     *
     * @param directoryName     it must end without a directory separator.
     * @see #debugWriteFile(String)
     */
    public void writeFile(String directoryName)
        throws CannotCompileException, IOException
    {
        DataOutputStream out = makeFileOutput(directoryName);
        try {
            toBytecode(out);
        }
        finally {
            out.close();
        }
    }

    protected DataOutputStream makeFileOutput(String directoryName) {
        String classname = getName();
        String filename = directoryName + File.separatorChar
            + classname.replace('.', File.separatorChar) + ".class";
        int pos = filename.lastIndexOf(File.separatorChar);
        if (pos > 0) {
            String dir = filename.substring(0, pos);
            if (!dir.equals("."))
                new File(dir).mkdirs();
        }

        return new DataOutputStream(new BufferedOutputStream(
                                      new DelayedFileOutputStream(filename)));
    }

    /**
     * Writes a class file as <code>writeFile()</code> does although this
     * method does not prune or freeze the class after writing the class
     * file.  Note that, once <code>writeFile()</code> or <code>toBytecode()</code>
     * is called, it cannot be called again since the class is pruned and frozen.
     * This method would be useful for debugging.
     */
    public void debugWriteFile() {
        debugWriteFile(".");
    }

    /**
     * Writes a class file as <code>writeFile()</code> does although this
     * method does not prune or freeze the class after writing the class
     * file.  Note that, once <code>writeFile()</code> or <code>toBytecode()</code>
     * is called, it cannot be called again since the class is pruned and frozen.
     * This method would be useful for debugging.
     *
     * @param directoryName     it must end without a directory separator.
     */
    public void debugWriteFile(String directoryName) {
        try {
            boolean p = stopPruning(true);
            writeFile(directoryName);
            defrost();
            stopPruning(p);
        }
        catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }

    static class DelayedFileOutputStream extends OutputStream {
        private FileOutputStream file;
        private String filename;

        DelayedFileOutputStream(String name) {
            file = null;
            filename = name;
        }

        private void init() throws IOException {
            if (file == null)
                file = new FileOutputStream(filename);
        }

        @Override
        public void write(int b) throws IOException {
            init();
            file.write(b);
        }

        @Override
        public void write(byte[] b) throws IOException {
            init();
            file.write(b);
        }

        @Override
        public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
            init();
            file.write(b, off, len);

        }

        @Override
        public void flush() throws IOException {
            init();
            file.flush();
        }

        @Override
        public void close() throws IOException {
            init();
            file.close();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Converts this class to a class file.
     * Once this method is called, further modifications are not
     * possible any more.
     *
     * <p>This method dose not close the output stream in the end.
     *
     * @param out       the output stream that a class file is written to.
     */
    public void toBytecode(DataOutputStream out)
        throws CannotCompileException, IOException
    {
        throw new CannotCompileException("not a class");
    }

    /**
     * Makes a unique member name.  This method guarantees that
     * the returned name is not used as a prefix of any methods
     * or fields visible in this class.
     * If the returned name is XYZ, then any method or field names
     * in this class do not start with XYZ.
     *
     * @param prefix        the prefix of the member name.
     */
    public String makeUniqueName(String prefix) {
        throw new RuntimeException("not available in " + getName());
    }

    /* Invoked from ClassPool#compress().
     * This method is overridden by CtClassType.
     */
    void compress() {}
}