Improve template system and panic recovery (#24461)

Partially for #24457

Major changes:

1. The old `signedUserNameStringPointerKey` is quite hacky, use
`ctx.Data[SignedUser]` instead
2. Move duplicate code from `Contexter` to `CommonTemplateContextData`
3. Remove incorrect copying&pasting code `ctx.Data["Err_Password"] =
true` in API handlers
4. Use one unique `RenderPanicErrorPage` for panic error page rendering
5. Move `stripSlashesMiddleware` to be the first middleware
6. Install global panic recovery handler, it works for both `install`
and `web`
7. Make `500.tmpl` only depend minimal template functions/variables,
avoid triggering new panics

Screenshot:

<details>

![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/2114189/235444895-cecbabb8-e7dc-4360-a31c-b982d11946a7.png)

</details>

25 files changed, 276 insertions, 363 deletions

diff --git a/modules/context/access_log.go b/modules/context/access_log.go
index 64d204733b..b6468d139b 100644
--- a/modules/context/access_log.go
+++ b/modules/context/access_log.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package context
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
@@ -13,8 +12,10 @@ import (
 	"text/template"
 	"time"
 
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 )
 
 type routerLoggerOptions struct {
@@ -26,8 +27,6 @@ type routerLoggerOptions struct {
 	RequestID      *string
 }
 
-var signedUserNameStringPointerKey interface{} = "signedUserNameStringPointerKey"
-
 const keyOfRequestIDInTemplate = ".RequestID"
 
 // According to:
@@ -60,8 +59,6 @@ func AccessLogger() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 			start := time.Now()
-			identity := "-"
-			r := req.WithContext(context.WithValue(req.Context(), signedUserNameStringPointerKey, &identity))
 
 			var requestID string
 			if needRequestID {
@@ -73,9 +70,14 @@ func AccessLogger() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 				reqHost = req.RemoteAddr
 			}
 
-			next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+			next.ServeHTTP(w, req)
 			rw := w.(ResponseWriter)
 
+			identity := "-"
+			data := middleware.GetContextData(req.Context())
+			if signedUser, ok := data[middleware.ContextDataKeySignedUser].(*user_model.User); ok {
+				identity = signedUser.Name
+			}
 			buf := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
 			err = logTemplate.Execute(buf, routerLoggerOptions{
 				req:            req,
diff --git a/modules/context/api.go b/modules/context/api.go
index ae245ec1cb..e263dcbe8d 100644
--- a/modules/context/api.go
+++ b/modules/context/api.go
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func APIContexter() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			ctx := APIContext{
 				Context: &Context{
 					Resp:   NewResponse(w),
-					Data:   map[string]interface{}{},
+					Data:   middleware.GetContextData(req.Context()),
 					Locale: locale,
 					Cache:  cache.GetCache(),
 					Repo: &Repository{
@@ -250,17 +250,6 @@ func APIContexter() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			ctx.Data["Context"] = &ctx
 
 			next.ServeHTTP(ctx.Resp, ctx.Req)
-
-			// Handle adding signedUserName to the context for the AccessLogger
-			usernameInterface := ctx.Data["SignedUserName"]
-			identityPtrInterface := ctx.Req.Context().Value(signedUserNameStringPointerKey)
-			if usernameInterface != nil && identityPtrInterface != nil {
-				username := usernameInterface.(string)
-				identityPtr := identityPtrInterface.(*string)
-				if identityPtr != nil && username != "" {
-					*identityPtr = username
-				}
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
diff --git a/modules/context/context.go b/modules/context/context.go
index cd7fcebe55..d73a26e5b6 100644
--- a/modules/context/context.go
+++ b/modules/context/context.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ type Render interface {
 type Context struct {
 	Resp     ResponseWriter
 	Req      *http.Request
-	Data     map[string]interface{} // data used by MVC templates
+	Data     middleware.ContextData // data used by MVC templates
 	PageData map[string]interface{} // data used by JavaScript modules in one page, it's `window.config.pageData`
 	Render   Render
 	translation.Locale
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (ctx *Context) TrHTMLEscapeArgs(msg string, args ...string) string {
 }
 
 // GetData returns the data
-func (ctx *Context) GetData() map[string]interface{} {
+func (ctx *Context) GetData() middleware.ContextData {
 	return ctx.Data
 }
 
@@ -219,6 +219,7 @@ const tplStatus500 base.TplName = "status/500"
 // HTML calls Context.HTML and renders the template to HTTP response
 func (ctx *Context) HTML(status int, name base.TplName) {
 	log.Debug("Template: %s", name)
+
 	tmplStartTime := time.Now()
 	if !setting.IsProd {
 		ctx.Data["TemplateName"] = name
@@ -226,13 +227,19 @@ func (ctx *Context) HTML(status int, name base.TplName) {
 	ctx.Data["TemplateLoadTimes"] = func() string {
 		return strconv.FormatInt(time.Since(tmplStartTime).Nanoseconds()/1e6, 10) + "ms"
 	}
-	if err := ctx.Render.HTML(ctx.Resp, status, string(name), templates.BaseVars().Merge(ctx.Data)); err != nil {
-		if status == http.StatusInternalServerError && name == tplStatus500 {
-			ctx.PlainText(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Unable to find HTML templates, the template system is not initialized, or Gitea can't find your template files.")
-			return
-		}
+
+	err := ctx.Render.HTML(ctx.Resp, status, string(name), ctx.Data)
+	if err == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// if rendering fails, show error page
+	if name != tplStatus500 {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("failed to render template: %s, error: %s", name, templates.HandleTemplateRenderingError(err))
-		ctx.ServerError("Render failed", err)
+		ctx.ServerError("Render failed", err) // show the 500 error page
+	} else {
+		ctx.PlainText(http.StatusInternalServerError, "Unable to render status/500 page, the template system is broken, or Gitea can't find your template files.")
+		return
 	}
 }
 
@@ -676,7 +683,7 @@ func getCsrfOpts() CsrfOptions {
 }
 
 // Contexter initializes a classic context for a request.
-func Contexter(ctx context.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+func Contexter() func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	rnd := templates.HTMLRenderer()
 	csrfOpts := getCsrfOpts()
 	if !setting.IsProd {
@@ -684,34 +691,30 @@ func Contexter(ctx context.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	}
 	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			locale := middleware.Locale(resp, req)
-			startTime := time.Now()
-			link := setting.AppSubURL + strings.TrimSuffix(req.URL.EscapedPath(), "/")
-
 			ctx := Context{
 				Resp:    NewResponse(resp),
 				Cache:   mc.GetCache(),
-				Locale:  locale,
-				Link:    link,
+				Locale:  middleware.Locale(resp, req),
+				Link:    setting.AppSubURL + strings.TrimSuffix(req.URL.EscapedPath(), "/"),
 				Render:  rnd,
 				Session: session.GetSession(req),
 				Repo: &Repository{
 					PullRequest: &PullRequest{},
 				},
-				Org: &Organization{},
-				Data: map[string]interface{}{
-					"CurrentURL":    setting.AppSubURL + req.URL.RequestURI(),
-					"PageStartTime": startTime,
-					"Link":          link,
-					"RunModeIsProd": setting.IsProd,
-				},
+				Org:  &Organization{},
+				Data: middleware.GetContextData(req.Context()),
 			}
 			defer ctx.Close()
 
+			ctx.Data.MergeFrom(middleware.CommonTemplateContextData())
+			ctx.Data["Context"] = &ctx
+			ctx.Data["CurrentURL"] = setting.AppSubURL + req.URL.RequestURI()
+			ctx.Data["Link"] = ctx.Link
+			ctx.Data["locale"] = ctx.Locale
+
 			// PageData is passed by reference, and it will be rendered to `window.config.pageData` in `head.tmpl` for JavaScript modules
-			ctx.PageData = map[string]interface{}{}
+			ctx.PageData = map[string]any{}
 			ctx.Data["PageData"] = ctx.PageData
-			ctx.Data["Context"] = &ctx
 
 			ctx.Req = WithContext(req, &ctx)
 			ctx.Csrf = PrepareCSRFProtector(csrfOpts, &ctx)
@@ -755,16 +758,6 @@ func Contexter(ctx context.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			ctx.Data["CsrfTokenHtml"] = template.HTML(`<input type="hidden" name="_csrf" value="` + ctx.Data["CsrfToken"].(string) + `">`)
 
 			// FIXME: do we really always need these setting? There should be someway to have to avoid having to always set these
-			ctx.Data["IsLandingPageHome"] = setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageHome
-			ctx.Data["IsLandingPageExplore"] = setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageExplore
-			ctx.Data["IsLandingPageOrganizations"] = setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageOrganizations
-
-			ctx.Data["ShowRegistrationButton"] = setting.Service.ShowRegistrationButton
-			ctx.Data["ShowMilestonesDashboardPage"] = setting.Service.ShowMilestonesDashboardPage
-			ctx.Data["ShowFooterVersion"] = setting.Other.ShowFooterVersion
-
-			ctx.Data["EnableSwagger"] = setting.API.EnableSwagger
-			ctx.Data["EnableOpenIDSignIn"] = setting.Service.EnableOpenIDSignIn
 			ctx.Data["DisableMigrations"] = setting.Repository.DisableMigrations
 			ctx.Data["DisableStars"] = setting.Repository.DisableStars
 			ctx.Data["EnableActions"] = setting.Actions.Enabled
@@ -777,21 +770,9 @@ func Contexter(ctx context.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			ctx.Data["UnitProjectsGlobalDisabled"] = unit.TypeProjects.UnitGlobalDisabled()
 			ctx.Data["UnitActionsGlobalDisabled"] = unit.TypeActions.UnitGlobalDisabled()
 
-			ctx.Data["locale"] = locale
 			ctx.Data["AllLangs"] = translation.AllLangs()
 
 			next.ServeHTTP(ctx.Resp, ctx.Req)
-
-			// Handle adding signedUserName to the context for the AccessLogger
-			usernameInterface := ctx.Data["SignedUserName"]
-			identityPtrInterface := ctx.Req.Context().Value(signedUserNameStringPointerKey)
-			if usernameInterface != nil && identityPtrInterface != nil {
-				username := usernameInterface.(string)
-				identityPtr := identityPtrInterface.(*string)
-				if identityPtr != nil && username != "" {
-					*identityPtr = username
-				}
-			}
 		})
 	}
 }
diff --git a/modules/context/package.go b/modules/context/package.go
index 6c418b3164..fe5bdac19d 100644
--- a/modules/context/package.go
+++ b/modules/context/package.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 )
 
 // Package contains owner, access mode and optional the package descriptor
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ func PackageContexter(ctx gocontext.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handle
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 			ctx := Context{
 				Resp:   NewResponse(resp),
-				Data:   map[string]interface{}{},
+				Data:   middleware.GetContextData(req.Context()),
 				Render: rnd,
 			}
 			defer ctx.Close()
diff --git a/modules/context/private.go b/modules/context/private.go
index 24f50fa471..f621dd6839 100644
--- a/modules/context/private.go
+++ b/modules/context/private.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/graceful"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 )
 
 // PrivateContext represents a context for private routes
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ func PrivateContexter() func(http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			ctx := &PrivateContext{
 				Context: &Context{
 					Resp: NewResponse(w),
-					Data: map[string]interface{}{},
+					Data: middleware.GetContextData(req.Context()),
 				},
 			}
 			defer ctx.Close()
diff --git a/modules/templates/base.go b/modules/templates/base.go
index 4254a56976..ef28cc03f4 100644
--- a/modules/templates/base.go
+++ b/modules/templates/base.go
@@ -5,43 +5,12 @@ package templates
 
 import (
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/assetfs"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 )
 
-// Vars represents variables to be render in golang templates
-type Vars map[string]interface{}
-
-// Merge merges another vars to the current, another Vars will override the current
-func (vars Vars) Merge(another map[string]interface{}) Vars {
-	for k, v := range another {
-		vars[k] = v
-	}
-	return vars
-}
-
-// BaseVars returns all basic vars
-func BaseVars() Vars {
-	startTime := time.Now()
-	return map[string]interface{}{
-		"IsLandingPageHome":          setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageHome,
-		"IsLandingPageExplore":       setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageExplore,
-		"IsLandingPageOrganizations": setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageOrganizations,
-
-		"ShowRegistrationButton":        setting.Service.ShowRegistrationButton,
-		"ShowMilestonesDashboardPage":   setting.Service.ShowMilestonesDashboardPage,
-		"ShowFooterVersion":             setting.Other.ShowFooterVersion,
-		"DisableDownloadSourceArchives": setting.Repository.DisableDownloadSourceArchives,
-
-		"EnableSwagger":      setting.API.EnableSwagger,
-		"EnableOpenIDSignIn": setting.Service.EnableOpenIDSignIn,
-		"PageStartTime":      startTime,
-	}
-}
-
 func AssetFS() *assetfs.LayeredFS {
 	return assetfs.Layered(CustomAssets(), BuiltinAssets())
 }
diff --git a/modules/test/context_tests.go b/modules/test/context_tests.go
index 4af7651250..35dd920bb9 100644
--- a/modules/test/context_tests.go
+++ b/modules/test/context_tests.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func MockContext(t *testing.T, path string) *context.Context {
 	resp := &mockResponseWriter{}
 	ctx := context.Context{
 		Render: &mockRender{},
-		Data:   make(map[string]interface{}),
+		Data:   make(middleware.ContextData),
 		Flash: &middleware.Flash{
 			Values: make(url.Values),
 		},
diff --git a/modules/web/middleware/data.go b/modules/web/middleware/data.go
index 43189940ee..c1f0516d7d 100644
--- a/modules/web/middleware/data.go
+++ b/modules/web/middleware/data.go
@@ -3,7 +3,63 @@
 
 package middleware
 
-// DataStore represents a data store
-type DataStore interface {
-	GetData() map[string]interface{}
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+)
+
+// ContextDataStore represents a data store
+type ContextDataStore interface {
+	GetData() ContextData
+}
+
+type ContextData map[string]any
+
+func (ds ContextData) GetData() map[string]any {
+	return ds
+}
+
+func (ds ContextData) MergeFrom(other ContextData) ContextData {
+	for k, v := range other {
+		ds[k] = v
+	}
+	return ds
+}
+
+const ContextDataKeySignedUser = "SignedUser"
+
+type contextDataKeyType struct{}
+
+var contextDataKey contextDataKeyType
+
+func WithContextData(c context.Context) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(c, contextDataKey, make(ContextData, 10))
+}
+
+func GetContextData(c context.Context) ContextData {
+	if ds, ok := c.Value(contextDataKey).(ContextData); ok {
+		return ds
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func CommonTemplateContextData() ContextData {
+	return ContextData{
+		"IsLandingPageHome":          setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageHome,
+		"IsLandingPageExplore":       setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageExplore,
+		"IsLandingPageOrganizations": setting.LandingPageURL == setting.LandingPageOrganizations,
+
+		"ShowRegistrationButton":        setting.Service.ShowRegistrationButton,
+		"ShowMilestonesDashboardPage":   setting.Service.ShowMilestonesDashboardPage,
+		"ShowFooterVersion":             setting.Other.ShowFooterVersion,
+		"DisableDownloadSourceArchives": setting.Repository.DisableDownloadSourceArchives,
+
+		"EnableSwagger":      setting.API.EnableSwagger,
+		"EnableOpenIDSignIn": setting.Service.EnableOpenIDSignIn,
+		"PageStartTime":      time.Now(),
+
+		"RunModeIsProd": setting.IsProd,
+	}
 }
diff --git a/modules/web/middleware/flash.go b/modules/web/middleware/flash.go
index f2d7cc692d..fa29ddeffc 100644
--- a/modules/web/middleware/flash.go
+++ b/modules/web/middleware/flash.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ var FlashNow bool
 
 // Flash represents a one time data transfer between two requests.
 type Flash struct {
-	DataStore
+	DataStore ContextDataStore
 	url.Values
 	ErrorMsg, WarningMsg, InfoMsg, SuccessMsg string
 }
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ func (f *Flash) set(name, msg string, current ...bool) {
 	}
 
 	if isShow {
-		f.GetData()["Flash"] = f
+		f.DataStore.GetData()["Flash"] = f
 	} else {
 		f.Set(name, msg)
 	}
diff --git a/modules/web/middleware/request.go b/modules/web/middleware/request.go
index 34add27214..0bb155df70 100644
--- a/modules/web/middleware/request.go
+++ b/modules/web/middleware/request.go
@@ -12,8 +12,3 @@ import (
 func IsAPIPath(req *http.Request) bool {
 	return strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, "/api/")
 }
-
-// IsInternalPath returns true if the specified URL is an internal API path
-func IsInternalPath(req *http.Request) bool {
-	return strings.HasPrefix(req.URL.Path, "/api/internal/")
-}
diff --git a/modules/web/route.go b/modules/web/route.go
index 6fd60f4ca7..d801f1025c 100644
--- a/modules/web/route.go
+++ b/modules/web/route.go
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ func Bind[T any](_ T) any {
 }
 
 // SetForm set the form object
-func SetForm(data middleware.DataStore, obj interface{}) {
+func SetForm(data middleware.ContextDataStore, obj interface{}) {
 	data.GetData()["__form"] = obj
 }
 
 // GetForm returns the validate form information
-func GetForm(data middleware.DataStore) interface{} {
+func GetForm(data middleware.ContextDataStore) interface{} {
 	return data.GetData()["__form"]
 }
 
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go b/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
index 8649a982b0..8afa83aa94 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
@@ -103,7 +103,6 @@ func CreateUser(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error(err.Error())
 		}
-		ctx.Data["Err_Password"] = true
 		ctx.Error(http.StatusBadRequest, "PasswordPwned", errors.New("PasswordPwned"))
 		return
 	}
@@ -201,7 +200,6 @@ func EditUser(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 			if err != nil {
 				log.Error(err.Error())
 			}
-			ctx.Data["Err_Password"] = true
 			ctx.Error(http.StatusBadRequest, "PasswordPwned", errors.New("PasswordPwned"))
 			return
 		}
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/misc/markup_test.go b/routers/api/v1/misc/markup_test.go
index 32de2956b7..68776613b2 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/misc/markup_test.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/misc/markup_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ func createContext(req *http.Request) (*context.Context, *httptest.ResponseRecor
 		Req:    req,
 		Resp:   context.NewResponse(resp),
 		Render: rnd,
-		Data:   make(map[string]interface{}),
+		Data:   make(middleware.ContextData),
 	}
 	defer c.Close()
 
diff --git a/routers/common/errpage.go b/routers/common/errpage.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cf3bf8357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/routers/common/errpage.go
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/http"
+
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/base"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httpcache"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/routing"
+)
+
+const tplStatus500 base.TplName = "status/500"
+
+// RenderPanicErrorPage renders a 500 page, and it never panics
+func RenderPanicErrorPage(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request, err any) {
+	combinedErr := fmt.Sprintf("%v\n%s", err, log.Stack(2))
+	log.Error("PANIC: %s", combinedErr)
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			log.Error("Panic occurs again when rendering error page: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	routing.UpdatePanicError(req.Context(), err)
+
+	httpcache.SetCacheControlInHeader(w.Header(), 0, "no-transform")
+	w.Header().Set(`X-Frame-Options`, setting.CORSConfig.XFrameOptions)
+
+	data := middleware.GetContextData(req.Context())
+	if data["locale"] == nil {
+		data = middleware.CommonTemplateContextData()
+		data["locale"] = middleware.Locale(w, req)
+	}
+
+	// This recovery handler could be called without Gitea's web context, so we shouldn't touch that context too much.
+	// Otherwise, the 500-page may cause new panics, eg: cache.GetContextWithData, it makes the developer&users couldn't find the original panic.
+	user, _ := data[middleware.ContextDataKeySignedUser].(*user_model.User)
+	if !setting.IsProd || (user != nil && user.IsAdmin) {
+		data["ErrorMsg"] = "PANIC: " + combinedErr
+	}
+
+	err = templates.HTMLRenderer().HTML(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, string(tplStatus500), data)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Error occurs again when rendering error page: %v", err)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		_, _ = w.Write([]byte("Internal server error, please collect error logs and report to Gitea issue tracker"))
+	}
+}
diff --git a/routers/common/middleware.go b/routers/common/middleware.go
index 28ecf934e1..c1ee9dd765 100644
--- a/routers/common/middleware.go
+++ b/routers/common/middleware.go
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import (
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/cache"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/context"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/routing"
 
 	"gitea.com/go-chi/session"
@@ -20,13 +20,26 @@ import (
 	chi "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
 )
 
-// ProtocolMiddlewares returns HTTP protocol related middlewares
+// ProtocolMiddlewares returns HTTP protocol related middlewares, and it provides a global panic recovery
 func ProtocolMiddlewares() (handlers []any) {
+	// first, normalize the URL path
+	handlers = append(handlers, stripSlashesMiddleware)
+
+	// prepare the ContextData and panic recovery
 	handlers = append(handlers, func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			// First of all escape the URL RawPath to ensure that all routing is done using a correctly escaped URL
-			req.URL.RawPath = req.URL.EscapedPath()
+			defer func() {
+				if err := recover(); err != nil {
+					RenderPanicErrorPage(resp, req, err) // it should never panic
+				}
+			}()
+			req = req.WithContext(middleware.WithContextData(req.Context()))
+			next.ServeHTTP(resp, req)
+		})
+	})
 
+	handlers = append(handlers, func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
 			ctx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddTypedContext(req.Context(), fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", req.Method, req.RequestURI), process.RequestProcessType, true)
 			defer finished()
 			next.ServeHTTP(context.NewResponse(resp), req.WithContext(cache.WithCacheContext(ctx)))
@@ -47,9 +60,6 @@ func ProtocolMiddlewares() (handlers []any) {
 		handlers = append(handlers, proxy.ForwardedHeaders(opt))
 	}
 
-	// Strip slashes.
-	handlers = append(handlers, stripSlashesMiddleware)
-
 	if !setting.Log.DisableRouterLog {
 		handlers = append(handlers, routing.NewLoggerHandler())
 	}
@@ -58,40 +68,18 @@ func ProtocolMiddlewares() (handlers []any) {
 		handlers = append(handlers, context.AccessLogger())
 	}
 
-	handlers = append(handlers, func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
-		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			// Why we need this? The Recovery() will try to render a beautiful
-			// error page for user, but the process can still panic again, and other
-			// middleware like session also may panic then we have to recover twice
-			// and send a simple error page that should not panic anymore.
-			defer func() {
-				if err := recover(); err != nil {
-					routing.UpdatePanicError(req.Context(), err)
-					combinedErr := fmt.Sprintf("PANIC: %v\n%s", err, log.Stack(2))
-					log.Error("%v", combinedErr)
-					if setting.IsProd {
-						http.Error(resp, http.StatusText(http.StatusInternalServerError), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-					} else {
-						http.Error(resp, combinedErr, http.StatusInternalServerError)
-					}
-				}
-			}()
-			next.ServeHTTP(resp, req)
-		})
-	})
 	return handlers
 }
 
 func stripSlashesMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-		var urlPath string
+		// First of all escape the URL RawPath to ensure that all routing is done using a correctly escaped URL
+		req.URL.RawPath = req.URL.EscapedPath()
+
+		urlPath := req.URL.RawPath
 		rctx := chi.RouteContext(req.Context())
 		if rctx != nil && rctx.RoutePath != "" {
 			urlPath = rctx.RoutePath
-		} else if req.URL.RawPath != "" {
-			urlPath = req.URL.RawPath
-		} else {
-			urlPath = req.URL.Path
 		}
 
 		sanitizedPath := &strings.Builder{}
diff --git a/routers/install/install.go b/routers/install/install.go
index c838db6582..714ddd5548 100644
--- a/routers/install/install.go
+++ b/routers/install/install.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 package install
 
 import (
-	goctx "context"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
@@ -53,33 +52,32 @@ func getSupportedDbTypeNames() (dbTypeNames []map[string]string) {
 	return dbTypeNames
 }
 
-// Init prepare for rendering installation page
-func Init(ctx goctx.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+// Contexter prepare for rendering installation page
+func Contexter() func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 	rnd := templates.HTMLRenderer()
 	dbTypeNames := getSupportedDbTypeNames()
 	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 		return http.HandlerFunc(func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			locale := middleware.Locale(resp, req)
-			startTime := time.Now()
 			ctx := context.Context{
 				Resp:    context.NewResponse(resp),
 				Flash:   &middleware.Flash{},
-				Locale:  locale,
+				Locale:  middleware.Locale(resp, req),
 				Render:  rnd,
+				Data:    middleware.GetContextData(req.Context()),
 				Session: session.GetSession(req),
-				Data: map[string]interface{}{
-					"locale":        locale,
-					"Title":         locale.Tr("install.install"),
-					"PageIsInstall": true,
-					"DbTypeNames":   dbTypeNames,
-					"AllLangs":      translation.AllLangs(),
-					"PageStartTime": startTime,
-
-					"PasswordHashAlgorithms": hash.RecommendedHashAlgorithms,
-				},
 			}
 			defer ctx.Close()
 
+			ctx.Data.MergeFrom(middleware.CommonTemplateContextData())
+			ctx.Data.MergeFrom(middleware.ContextData{
+				"locale":        ctx.Locale,
+				"Title":         ctx.Locale.Tr("install.install"),
+				"PageIsInstall": true,
+				"DbTypeNames":   dbTypeNames,
+				"AllLangs":      translation.AllLangs(),
+
+				"PasswordHashAlgorithms": hash.RecommendedHashAlgorithms,
+			})
 			ctx.Req = context.WithContext(req, &ctx)
 			next.ServeHTTP(resp, ctx.Req)
 		})
diff --git a/routers/install/routes.go b/routers/install/routes.go
index 88c7e99695..52c07cfa26 100644
--- a/routers/install/routes.go
+++ b/routers/install/routes.go
@@ -9,76 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"html"
 	"net/http"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httpcache"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/public"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/common"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/web/healthcheck"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/forms"
 )
 
-type dataStore map[string]interface{}
-
-func (d *dataStore) GetData() map[string]interface{} {
-	return *d
-}
-
-func installRecovery(ctx goctx.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
-	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
-		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			defer func() {
-				// Why we need this? The first recover will try to render a beautiful
-				// error page for user, but the process can still panic again, then
-				// we have to just recover twice and send a simple error page that
-				// should not panic anymore.
-				defer func() {
-					if err := recover(); err != nil {
-						combinedErr := fmt.Sprintf("PANIC: %v\n%s", err, log.Stack(2))
-						log.Error("%s", combinedErr)
-						if setting.IsProd {
-							http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusInternalServerError), http.StatusInternalServerError)
-						} else {
-							http.Error(w, combinedErr, http.StatusInternalServerError)
-						}
-					}
-				}()
-
-				if err := recover(); err != nil {
-					combinedErr := fmt.Sprintf("PANIC: %v\n%s", err, log.Stack(2))
-					log.Error("%s", combinedErr)
-
-					lc := middleware.Locale(w, req)
-					store := dataStore{
-						"Language":       lc.Language(),
-						"CurrentURL":     setting.AppSubURL + req.URL.RequestURI(),
-						"locale":         lc,
-						"SignedUserID":   int64(0),
-						"SignedUserName": "",
-					}
-
-					httpcache.SetCacheControlInHeader(w.Header(), 0, "no-transform")
-					w.Header().Set(`X-Frame-Options`, setting.CORSConfig.XFrameOptions)
-
-					if !setting.IsProd {
-						store["ErrorMsg"] = combinedErr
-					}
-					rnd := templates.HTMLRenderer()
-					err = rnd.HTML(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "status/500", templates.BaseVars().Merge(store))
-					if err != nil {
-						log.Error("%v", err)
-					}
-				}
-			}()
-
-			next.ServeHTTP(w, req)
-		})
-	}
-}
-
 // Routes registers the installation routes
 func Routes(ctx goctx.Context) *web.Route {
 	base := web.NewRoute()
@@ -86,9 +24,7 @@ func Routes(ctx goctx.Context) *web.Route {
 	base.RouteMethods("/assets/*", "GET, HEAD", public.AssetsHandlerFunc("/assets/"))
 
 	r := web.NewRoute()
-	r.Use(common.Sessioner())
-	r.Use(installRecovery(ctx))
-	r.Use(Init(ctx))
+	r.Use(common.Sessioner(), Contexter())
 	r.Get("/", Install) // it must be on the root, because the "install.js" use the window.location to replace the "localhost" AppURL
 	r.Post("/", web.Bind(forms.InstallForm{}), SubmitInstall)
 	r.Get("/post-install", InstallDone)
diff --git a/routers/web/base.go b/routers/web/base.go
index 73607cad06..b9b5958389 100644
--- a/routers/web/base.go
+++ b/routers/web/base.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 package web
 
 import (
-	goctx "context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -13,18 +12,12 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"strings"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/context"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httpcache"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/storage"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/routing"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/auth"
-
-	"gitea.com/go-chi/session"
 )
 
 func storageHandler(storageSetting setting.Storage, prefix string, objStore storage.ObjectStorage) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
@@ -110,62 +103,3 @@ func storageHandler(storageSetting setting.Storage, prefix string, objStore stor
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-type dataStore map[string]interface{}
-
-func (d *dataStore) GetData() map[string]interface{} {
-	return *d
-}
-
-// RecoveryWith500Page returns a middleware that recovers from any panics and writes a 500 and a log if so.
-// This error will be created with the gitea 500 page.
-func RecoveryWith500Page(ctx goctx.Context) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
-	rnd := templates.HTMLRenderer()
-	return func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
-		return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
-			defer func() {
-				if err := recover(); err != nil {
-					routing.UpdatePanicError(req.Context(), err)
-					combinedErr := fmt.Sprintf("PANIC: %v\n%s", err, log.Stack(2))
-					log.Error("%s", combinedErr)
-
-					sessionStore := session.GetSession(req)
-
-					lc := middleware.Locale(w, req)
-					store := dataStore{
-						"Language":   lc.Language(),
-						"CurrentURL": setting.AppSubURL + req.URL.RequestURI(),
-						"locale":     lc,
-					}
-
-					// TODO: this recovery handler is usually called without Gitea's web context, so we shouldn't touch that context too much
-					// Otherwise, the 500 page may cause new panics, eg: cache.GetContextWithData, it makes the developer&users couldn't find the original panic
-					user := context.GetContextUser(req) // almost always nil
-					if user == nil {
-						// Get user from session if logged in - do not attempt to sign-in
-						user = auth.SessionUser(sessionStore)
-					}
-
-					httpcache.SetCacheControlInHeader(w.Header(), 0, "no-transform")
-					w.Header().Set(`X-Frame-Options`, setting.CORSConfig.XFrameOptions)
-
-					if !setting.IsProd || (user != nil && user.IsAdmin) {
-						store["ErrorMsg"] = combinedErr
-					}
-
-					defer func() {
-						if err := recover(); err != nil {
-							log.Error("HTML render in Recovery handler panics again: %v", err)
-						}
-					}()
-					err = rnd.HTML(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "status/500", templates.BaseVars().Merge(store))
-					if err != nil {
-						log.Error("HTML render in Recovery handler fails again: %v", err)
-					}
-				}
-			}()
-
-			next.ServeHTTP(w, req)
-		})
-	}
-}
diff --git a/routers/web/web.go b/routers/web/web.go
index 5357c55500..8cdc10935e 100644
--- a/routers/web/web.go
+++ b/routers/web/web.go
@@ -116,38 +116,34 @@ func Routes(ctx gocontext.Context) *web.Route {
 
 	_ = templates.HTMLRenderer()
 
-	common := []any{
-		common.Sessioner(),
-		RecoveryWith500Page(ctx),
-	}
+	var mid []any
 
 	if setting.EnableGzip {
 		h, err := gziphandler.GzipHandlerWithOpts(gziphandler.MinSize(GzipMinSize))
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Fatal("GzipHandlerWithOpts failed: %v", err)
 		}
-		common = append(common, h)
+		mid = append(mid, h)
 	}
 
 	if setting.Service.EnableCaptcha {
 		// The captcha http.Handler should only fire on /captcha/* so we can just mount this on that url
-		routes.RouteMethods("/captcha/*", "GET,HEAD", append(common, captcha.Captchaer(context.GetImageCaptcha()))...)
+		routes.RouteMethods("/captcha/*", "GET,HEAD", append(mid, captcha.Captchaer(context.GetImageCaptcha()))...)
 	}
 
 	if setting.HasRobotsTxt {
-		routes.Get("/robots.txt", append(common, misc.RobotsTxt)...)
+		routes.Get("/robots.txt", append(mid, misc.RobotsTxt)...)
 	}
 
-	// prometheus metrics endpoint - do not need to go through contexter
 	if setting.Metrics.Enabled {
 		prometheus.MustRegister(metrics.NewCollector())
-		routes.Get("/metrics", append(common, Metrics)...)
+		routes.Get("/metrics", append(mid, Metrics)...)
 	}
 
 	routes.Get("/ssh_info", misc.SSHInfo)
 	routes.Get("/api/healthz", healthcheck.Check)
 
-	common = append(common, context.Contexter(ctx))
+	mid = append(mid, common.Sessioner(), context.Contexter())
 
 	group := buildAuthGroup()
 	if err := group.Init(ctx); err != nil {
@@ -155,23 +151,23 @@ func Routes(ctx gocontext.Context) *web.Route {
 	}
 
 	// Get user from session if logged in.
-	common = append(common, auth_service.Auth(group))
+	mid = append(mid, auth_service.Auth(group))
 
 	// GetHead allows a HEAD request redirect to GET if HEAD method is not defined for that route
-	common = append(common, middleware.GetHead)
+	mid = append(mid, middleware.GetHead)
 
 	if setting.API.EnableSwagger {
 		// Note: The route is here but no in API routes because it renders a web page
-		routes.Get("/api/swagger", append(common, misc.Swagger)...) // Render V1 by default
+		routes.Get("/api/swagger", append(mid, misc.Swagger)...) // Render V1 by default
 	}
 
 	// TODO: These really seem like things that could be folded into Contexter or as helper functions
-	common = append(common, user.GetNotificationCount)
-	common = append(common, repo.GetActiveStopwatch)
-	common = append(common, goGet)
+	mid = append(mid, user.GetNotificationCount)
+	mid = append(mid, repo.GetActiveStopwatch)
+	mid = append(mid, goGet)
 
 	others := web.NewRoute()
-	others.Use(common...)
+	others.Use(mid...)
 	registerRoutes(others)
 	routes.Mount("", others)
 	return routes
diff --git a/services/auth/interface.go b/services/auth/interface.go
index f2f1aaf39c..c4a8a20d01 100644
--- a/services/auth/interface.go
+++ b/services/auth/interface.go
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 // DataStore represents a data store
-type DataStore middleware.DataStore
+type DataStore middleware.ContextDataStore
 
 // SessionStore represents a session store
 type SessionStore session.Store
diff --git a/services/auth/middleware.go b/services/auth/middleware.go
index abeafed9cb..3b2f883d00 100644
--- a/services/auth/middleware.go
+++ b/services/auth/middleware.go
@@ -51,13 +51,11 @@ func authShared(ctx *context.Context, authMethod Method) error {
 		ctx.IsBasicAuth = ctx.Data["AuthedMethod"].(string) == BasicMethodName
 		ctx.IsSigned = true
 		ctx.Data["IsSigned"] = ctx.IsSigned
-		ctx.Data["SignedUser"] = ctx.Doer
+		ctx.Data[middleware.ContextDataKeySignedUser] = ctx.Doer
 		ctx.Data["SignedUserID"] = ctx.Doer.ID
-		ctx.Data["SignedUserName"] = ctx.Doer.Name
 		ctx.Data["IsAdmin"] = ctx.Doer.IsAdmin
 	} else {
 		ctx.Data["SignedUserID"] = int64(0)
-		ctx.Data["SignedUserName"] = ""
 	}
 	return nil
 }
diff --git a/templates/base/head_script.tmpl b/templates/base/head_script.tmpl
index d19fae629b..670d146b56 100644
--- a/templates/base/head_script.tmpl
+++ b/templates/base/head_script.tmpl
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ If you introduce mistakes in it, Gitea JavaScript code wouldn't run correctly.
 <script>
 	window.addEventListener('error', function(e) {window._globalHandlerErrors=window._globalHandlerErrors||[]; window._globalHandlerErrors.push(e);});
 	window.config = {
-		initCount: (window.config?.initCount ?? 0) + 1,
 		appUrl: '{{AppUrl}}',
 		appSubUrl: '{{AppSubUrl}}',
 		assetVersionEncoded: encodeURIComponent('{{AssetVersion}}'), // will be used in URL construction directly
diff --git a/templates/status/500.tmpl b/templates/status/500.tmpl
index bca0387756..469fce593a 100644
--- a/templates/status/500.tmpl
+++ b/templates/status/500.tmpl
@@ -1,36 +1,61 @@
-{{template "base/head" .}}
-<div role="main" aria-label="{{.Title}}" class="page-content status-page-500">
-	<p class="gt-mt-5 center"><img src="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/500.png" alt="Internal Server Error"></p>
-	<div class="ui divider"></div>
-
-	<div class="ui container gt-mt-5">
-		{{if .ErrorMsg}}
-			<p>{{.locale.Tr "error.occurred"}}:</p>
-			<pre class="gt-whitespace-pre-wrap gt-break-all">{{.ErrorMsg}}</pre>
-		{{end}}
-
-		<div class="center gt-mt-5">
-			{{if .ShowFooterVersion}}<p>{{.locale.Tr "admin.config.app_ver"}}: {{AppVer}}</p>{{end}}
-			{{if .IsAdmin}}<p>{{.locale.Tr "error.report_message"  | Safe}}</p>{{end}}
+{{/* This page should only depend the minimal template functions/variables, to avoid triggering new panics.
+* base template functions: AppName, AssetUrlPrefix, AssetVersion, AppSubUrl, DefaultTheme, Str2html
+* locale
+* ErrorMsg
+* SignedUser (optional)
+*/}}
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="{{.locale.Lang}}" class="theme-{{if .SignedUser.Theme}}{{.SignedUser.Theme}}{{else}}{{DefaultTheme}}{{end}}">
+<head>
+	<meta charset="utf-8">
+	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+	<title>Internal Server Error - {{AppName}}</title>
+	<link rel="icon" href="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/favicon.svg" type="image/svg+xml">
+	<link rel="alternate icon" href="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/favicon.png" type="image/png">
+	<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/css/index.css?v={{AssetVersion}}">
+</head>
+<body>
+	<div class="full height">
+		<nav class="ui secondary menu following bar light">
+			<div class="ui container gt-df">
+				<div class="item brand gt-f1">
+					<a href="{{AppSubUrl}}/" aria-label="{{.locale.Tr "home"}}">
+						<img width="30" height="30" src="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/logo.svg" alt="{{.locale.Tr "logo"}}" aria-hidden="true">
+					</a>
+				</div>
+				<button class="item ui icon button">{{svg "octicon-three-bars"}}</button>{{/* a fake button to make the UI looks better*/}}
+			</div>
+		</nav>
+		<div role="main" class="page-content status-page-500">
+			<p class="gt-mt-5 center"><img src="{{AssetUrlPrefix}}/img/500.png" alt="Internal Server Error"></p>
+			<div class="ui divider"></div>
+			<div class="ui container gt-mt-5">
+				{{if .ErrorMsg}}
+					<p>{{.locale.Tr "error.occurred"}}:</p>
+					<pre class="gt-whitespace-pre-wrap gt-break-all">{{.ErrorMsg}}</pre>
+				{{end}}
+				<div class="center gt-mt-5">
+					{{if or .SignedUser.IsAdmin .ShowFooterVersion}}<p>{{.locale.Tr "admin.config.app_ver"}}: {{AppVer}}</p>{{end}}
+					{{if .SignedUser.IsAdmin}}<p>{{.locale.Tr "error.report_message"  | Str2html}}</p>{{end}}
+				</div>
+			</div>
 		</div>
 	</div>
-</div>
-{{/* when a sub-template triggers an 500 error, its parent template has been partially rendered,
-then the 500 page will be rendered after that partially rendered page, the HTML/JS are totally broken.
-so use this inline script to try to move it to main viewport */}}
-<script type="module">
-const embedded = document.querySelector('.page-content .page-content.status-page-500');
-if (embedded) {
-	// move footer to main view
-	const footer = document.querySelector('footer');
-	if (footer) document.querySelector('body').append(footer);
-	// move the 500 error page content to main view
-	const embeddedParent = embedded.parentNode;
-	let main = document.querySelector('.page-content');
-	main = main ?? document.querySelector('body');
-	main.prepend(document.createElement('hr'));
-	main.prepend(embedded);
-	embeddedParent.remove(); // remove the unrelated 500-page elements (eg: the duplicate nav bar)
-}
-</script>
-{{template "base/footer" .}}
+
+	{{/* When a sub-template triggers an 500 error, its parent template has been partially rendered, then the 500 page
+		will be rendered after that partially rendered page, the HTML/JS are totally broken. Use this inline script to try to move it to main viewport.
+		And this page shouldn't include any other JS file, avoid duplicate JS execution (still due to the partial rendering).*/}}
+	<script type="module">
+		const embedded = document.querySelector('.page-content .page-content.status-page-500');
+		if (embedded) {
+			// move the 500 error page content to main view
+			const embeddedParent = embedded.parentNode;
+			let main = document.querySelector('.page-content');
+			main = main ?? document.querySelector('body');
+			main.prepend(document.createElement('hr'));
+			main.prepend(embedded);
+			embeddedParent.remove(); // remove the unrelated 500-page elements (eg: the duplicate nav bar)
+		}
+	</script>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/templates/user/profile.tmpl b/templates/user/profile.tmpl
index 9f454a82f1..5463270854 100644
--- a/templates/user/profile.tmpl
+++ b/templates/user/profile.tmpl
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 			<div class="ui five wide column">
 				<div class="ui card">
 					<div id="profile-avatar" class="content gt-df">
-					{{if eq .SignedUserName .ContextUser.Name}}
+					{{if eq .SignedUserID .ContextUser.ID}}
 						<a class="image" href="{{AppSubUrl}}/user/settings" data-tooltip-content="{{.locale.Tr "user.change_avatar"}}">
 							{{avatar $.Context .ContextUser 290}}
 						</a>
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 							{{if .ContextUser.Location}}
 								<li>{{svg "octicon-location"}} {{.ContextUser.Location}}</li>
 							{{end}}
-							{{if (eq .SignedUserName .ContextUser.Name)}}
+							{{if (eq .SignedUserID .ContextUser.ID)}}
 								<li>
 									{{svg "octicon-mail"}}
 									<a href="mailto:{{.ContextUser.Email}}" rel="nofollow">{{.ContextUser.Email}}</a>
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 								</ul>
 							</li>
 							{{end}}
-							{{if and .IsSigned (ne .SignedUserName .ContextUser.Name)}}
+							{{if and .IsSigned (ne .SignedUserID .ContextUser.ID)}}
 							<li class="follow">
 								{{if $.IsFollowing}}
 									<form method="post" action="{{.Link}}?action=unfollow&redirect_to={{$.Link}}">
diff --git a/web_src/js/bootstrap.js b/web_src/js/bootstrap.js
index 4f88c600f5..f0b020ce1c 100644
--- a/web_src/js/bootstrap.js
+++ b/web_src/js/bootstrap.js
@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ export function showGlobalErrorMessage(msg) {
  * @param {ErrorEvent} e
  */
 function processWindowErrorEvent(e) {
-  if (window.config.initCount > 1) {
-    // the page content has been loaded many times, the HTML/JS are totally broken, don't need to show error message
-    return;
-  }
   if (!e.error && e.lineno === 0 && e.colno === 0 && e.filename === '' && window.navigator.userAgent.includes('FxiOS/')) {
     // At the moment, Firefox (iOS) (10x) has an engine bug. See https://github.com/go-gitea/gitea/issues/20240
     // If a script inserts a newly created (and content changed) element into DOM, there will be a nonsense error event reporting: Script error: line 0, col 0.
@@ -37,13 +33,6 @@ function initGlobalErrorHandler() {
   if (!window.config) {
     showGlobalErrorMessage(`Gitea JavaScript code couldn't run correctly, please check your custom templates`);
   }
-  if (window.config.initCount > 1) {
-    // when a sub-templates triggers an 500 error, its parent template has been partially rendered,
-    // then the 500 page will be rendered after that partially rendered page, which will cause the initCount > 1
-    // in this case, the page is totally broken, so do not do any further error handling
-    console.error('initGlobalErrorHandler: Gitea global config system has already been initialized, there must be something else wrong');
-    return;
-  }
   // we added an event handler for window error at the very beginning of <script> of page head
   // the handler calls `_globalHandlerErrors.push` (array method) to record all errors occur before this init
   // then in this init, we can collect all error events and show them