Merge branch 'master' into stable-4.2

Change-Id: Ieec4f51aedadf5734ae0e3f4e8713248a3c4fc52
Signed-off-by: Matthias Sohn <matthias.sohn@sap.com>

102 files changed, 4678 insertions, 1942 deletions

diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/.settings/.api_filters b/org.eclipse.jgit/.settings/.api_filters
index b2a8f677f3..36041f8144 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/.settings/.api_filters
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/.settings/.api_filters
@@ -1,5 +1,45 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 <component id="org.eclipse.jgit" version="2">
+    <resource path="META-INF/MANIFEST.MF" type="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileTreeEntry">
+        <filter id="305324134">
+            <message_arguments>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileTreeEntry"/>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit_4.2.0"/>
+            </message_arguments>
+        </filter>
+    </resource>
+    <resource path="META-INF/MANIFEST.MF" type="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.GitlinkTreeEntry">
+        <filter id="305324134">
+            <message_arguments>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.GitlinkTreeEntry"/>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit_4.2.0"/>
+            </message_arguments>
+        </filter>
+    </resource>
+    <resource path="META-INF/MANIFEST.MF" type="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymlinkTreeEntry">
+        <filter id="305324134">
+            <message_arguments>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymlinkTreeEntry"/>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit_4.2.0"/>
+            </message_arguments>
+        </filter>
+    </resource>
+    <resource path="META-INF/MANIFEST.MF" type="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Tree">
+        <filter id="305324134">
+            <message_arguments>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Tree"/>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit_4.2.0"/>
+            </message_arguments>
+        </filter>
+    </resource>
+    <resource path="META-INF/MANIFEST.MF" type="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.TreeEntry">
+        <filter id="305324134">
+            <message_arguments>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit.lib.TreeEntry"/>
+                <message_argument value="org.eclipse.jgit_4.2.0"/>
+            </message_arguments>
+        </filter>
+    </resource>
     <resource path="src/org/eclipse/jgit/attributes/AttributesNode.java" type="org.eclipse.jgit.attributes.AttributesNode">
         <filter comment="attributes weren't really usable in earlier versions" id="338792546">
             <message_arguments>
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/BUCK b/org.eclipse.jgit/BUCK
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73e2080576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/BUCK
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+SRCS = glob(['src/**'])
+RESOURCES = glob(['resources/**'])
+
+java_library(
+  name = 'jgit',
+  srcs = SRCS,
+  resources = RESOURCES,
+  deps = [
+    '//lib:javaewah',
+    '//lib:jsch',
+    '//lib:httpcomponents',
+    '//lib:slf4j-api',
+  ],
+  visibility = ['PUBLIC'],
+)
+
+java_sources(
+  name = 'jgit_src',
+  srcs = SRCS + RESOURCES,
+)
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF b/org.eclipse.jgit/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
index 2a953b559d..25d0be6ec7 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/META-INF/MANIFEST.MF
@@ -65,9 +65,10 @@ Export-Package: org.eclipse.jgit.annotations;version="4.2.0",
    org.eclipse.jgit.junit,
    org.eclipse.jgit.junit.http,
    org.eclipse.jgit.http.server,
-   org.eclipse.jgit.java7.test,
+   org.eclipse.jgit.pgm.test,
    org.eclipse.jgit.pgm",
  org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack;version="4.2.0";x-friends:="org.eclipse.jgit.junit,org.eclipse.jgit.test,org.eclipse.jgit.pgm",
+ org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;version="4.2.0";x-friends:="org.eclipse.jgit.junit,org.eclipse.jgit.test,org.eclipse.jgit.pgm",
  org.eclipse.jgit.lib;version="4.2.0";
   uses:="org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk,
    org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.filter,
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/resources/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.properties b/org.eclipse.jgit/resources/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.properties
index 0e9b0b59e6..992e10bad6 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/resources/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.properties
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/resources/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.properties
@@ -99,6 +99,7 @@ cannotSquashFixupWithoutPreviousCommit=Cannot {0} without previous commit.
 cannotStoreObjects=cannot store objects
 cannotResolveUniquelyAbbrevObjectId=Could not resolve uniquely the abbreviated object ID
 cannotUnloadAModifiedTree=Cannot unload a modified tree.
+cannotUpdateUnbornBranch=Cannot update unborn branch
 cannotWorkWithOtherStagesThanZeroRightNow=Cannot work with other stages than zero right now. Won't write corrupt index.
 cannotWriteObjectsPath=Cannot write {0}/{1}: {2}
 canOnlyCherryPickCommitsWithOneParent=Cannot cherry-pick commit ''{0}'' because it has {1} parents, only commits with exactly one parent are supported.
@@ -125,14 +126,15 @@ connectionFailed=connection failed
 connectionTimeOut=Connection time out: {0}
 contextMustBeNonNegative=context must be >= 0
 corruptionDetectedReReadingAt=Corruption detected re-reading at {0}
+corruptObjectBadDate=bad date
+corruptObjectBadEmail=bad email
 corruptObjectBadStream=bad stream
 corruptObjectBadStreamCorruptHeader=bad stream, corrupt header
+corruptObjectBadTimezone=bad time zone
 corruptObjectDuplicateEntryNames=duplicate entry names
 corruptObjectGarbageAfterSize=garbage after size
 corruptObjectIncorrectLength=incorrect length
 corruptObjectIncorrectSorting=incorrectly sorted
-corruptObjectInvalidAuthor=invalid author
-corruptObjectInvalidCommitter=invalid committer
 corruptObjectInvalidEntryMode=invalid entry mode
 corruptObjectInvalidMode=invalid mode
 corruptObjectInvalidModeChar=invalid mode character
@@ -151,11 +153,11 @@ corruptObjectInvalidNameNul=invalid name 'NUL'
 corruptObjectInvalidNamePrn=invalid name 'PRN'
 corruptObjectInvalidObject=invalid object
 corruptObjectInvalidParent=invalid parent
-corruptObjectInvalidTagger=invalid tagger
 corruptObjectInvalidTree=invalid tree
 corruptObjectInvalidType=invalid type
 corruptObjectInvalidType2=invalid type {0}
 corruptObjectMalformedHeader=malformed header: {0}
+corruptObjectMissingEmail=missing email
 corruptObjectNameContainsByte=name contains byte 0x%x
 corruptObjectNameContainsChar=name contains '%c'
 corruptObjectNameContainsNullByte=name contains byte 0x00
@@ -181,6 +183,7 @@ corruptObjectPackfileChecksumIncorrect=Packfile checksum incorrect.
 corruptObjectTruncatedInMode=truncated in mode
 corruptObjectTruncatedInName=truncated in name
 corruptObjectTruncatedInObjectId=truncated in object id
+corruptObjectZeroId=entry points to null SHA-1
 couldNotCheckOutBecauseOfConflicts=Could not check out because of conflicts
 couldNotDeleteLockFileShouldNotHappen=Could not delete lock file. Should not happen
 couldNotDeleteTemporaryIndexFileShouldNotHappen=Could not delete temporary index file. Should not happen
@@ -432,6 +435,7 @@ noXMLParserAvailable=No XML parser available.
 objectAtHasBadZlibStream=Object at {0} in {1} has bad zlib stream
 objectAtPathDoesNotHaveId=Object at path "{0}" does not have an id assigned. All object ids must be assigned prior to writing a tree.
 objectIsCorrupt=Object {0} is corrupt: {1}
+objectIsCorrupt3={0}: object {1}: {2}
 objectIsNotA=Object {0} is not a {1}.
 objectNotFound=Object {0} not found.
 objectNotFoundIn=Object {0} not found in {1}.
@@ -595,6 +599,7 @@ transportExceptionInvalid=Invalid {0} {1}:{2}
 transportExceptionMissingAssumed=Missing assumed {0}
 transportExceptionReadRef=read {0}
 transportNeedsRepository=Transport needs repository
+transportProvidedRefWithNoObjectId=Transport provided ref {0} with no object id
 transportProtoAmazonS3=Amazon S3
 transportProtoBundleFile=Git Bundle File
 transportProtoFTP=FTP
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/AddCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/AddCommand.java
index 67fb342fe2..3b94f16f1a 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/AddCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/AddCommand.java
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@
  */
 package org.eclipse.jgit.api;
 
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BLOB;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.GITLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_TREE;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.util.Collection;
@@ -58,12 +62,12 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheBuilder;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEntry;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheIterator;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectInserter;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.FileTreeIterator;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.NameConflictTreeWalk;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk.OperationType;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.WorkingTreeIterator;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.filter.PathFilterGroup;
@@ -135,15 +139,12 @@ public class AddCommand extends GitCommand<DirCache> {
 			throw new NoFilepatternException(JGitText.get().atLeastOnePatternIsRequired);
 		checkCallable();
 		DirCache dc = null;
-		boolean addAll = false;
-		if (filepatterns.contains(".")) //$NON-NLS-1$
-			addAll = true;
+		boolean addAll = filepatterns.contains("."); //$NON-NLS-1$
 
 		try (ObjectInserter inserter = repo.newObjectInserter();
-				final TreeWalk tw = new TreeWalk(repo)) {
+				NameConflictTreeWalk tw = new NameConflictTreeWalk(repo)) {
 			tw.setOperationType(OperationType.CHECKIN_OP);
 			dc = repo.lockDirCache();
-			DirCacheIterator c;
 
 			DirCacheBuilder builder = dc.builder();
 			tw.addTree(new DirCacheBuildIterator(builder));
@@ -151,62 +152,85 @@ public class AddCommand extends GitCommand<DirCache> {
 				workingTreeIterator = new FileTreeIterator(repo);
 			workingTreeIterator.setDirCacheIterator(tw, 0);
 			tw.addTree(workingTreeIterator);
-			tw.setRecursive(true);
 			if (!addAll)
 				tw.setFilter(PathFilterGroup.createFromStrings(filepatterns));
 
-			String lastAddedFile = null;
+			byte[] lastAdded = null;
 
 			while (tw.next()) {
-				String path = tw.getPathString();
-
+				DirCacheIterator c = tw.getTree(0, DirCacheIterator.class);
 				WorkingTreeIterator f = tw.getTree(1, WorkingTreeIterator.class);
-				if (tw.getTree(0, DirCacheIterator.class) == null &&
-						f != null && f.isEntryIgnored()) {
+				if (c == null && f != null && f.isEntryIgnored()) {
 					// file is not in index but is ignored, do nothing
+					continue;
+				} else if (c == null && update) {
+					// Only update of existing entries was requested.
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				DirCacheEntry entry = c != null ? c.getDirCacheEntry() : null;
+				if (entry != null && entry.getStage() > 0
+						&& lastAdded != null
+						&& lastAdded.length == tw.getPathLength()
+						&& tw.isPathPrefix(lastAdded, lastAdded.length) == 0) {
+					// In case of an existing merge conflict the
+					// DirCacheBuildIterator iterates over all stages of
+					// this path, we however want to add only one
+					// new DirCacheEntry per path.
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (tw.isSubtree() && !tw.isDirectoryFileConflict()) {
+					tw.enterSubtree();
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (f == null) { // working tree file does not exist
+					if (entry != null
+							&& (!update || GITLINK == entry.getFileMode())) {
+						builder.add(entry);
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (entry != null && entry.isAssumeValid()) {
+					// Index entry is marked assume valid. Even though
+					// the user specified the file to be added JGit does
+					// not consider the file for addition.
+					builder.add(entry);
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (f.getEntryRawMode() == TYPE_TREE) {
+					// Index entry exists and is symlink, gitlink or file,
+					// otherwise the tree would have been entered above.
+					// Replace the index entry by diving into tree of files.
+					tw.enterSubtree();
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				byte[] path = tw.getRawPath();
+				if (entry == null || entry.getStage() > 0) {
+					entry = new DirCacheEntry(path);
 				}
-				// In case of an existing merge conflict the
-				// DirCacheBuildIterator iterates over all stages of
-				// this path, we however want to add only one
-				// new DirCacheEntry per path.
-				else if (!(path.equals(lastAddedFile))) {
-					if (!(update && tw.getTree(0, DirCacheIterator.class) == null)) {
-						c = tw.getTree(0, DirCacheIterator.class);
-						if (f != null) { // the file exists
-							long sz = f.getEntryLength();
-							DirCacheEntry entry = new DirCacheEntry(path);
-							if (c == null || c.getDirCacheEntry() == null
-									|| !c.getDirCacheEntry().isAssumeValid()) {
-								FileMode mode = f.getIndexFileMode(c);
-								entry.setFileMode(mode);
-
-								if (FileMode.GITLINK != mode) {
-									entry.setLength(sz);
-									entry.setLastModified(f
-											.getEntryLastModified());
-									long contentSize = f
-											.getEntryContentLength();
-									InputStream in = f.openEntryStream();
-									try {
-										entry.setObjectId(inserter.insert(
-												Constants.OBJ_BLOB, contentSize, in));
-									} finally {
-										in.close();
-									}
-								} else
-									entry.setObjectId(f.getEntryObjectId());
-								builder.add(entry);
-								lastAddedFile = path;
-							} else {
-								builder.add(c.getDirCacheEntry());
-							}
-
-						} else if (c != null
-								&& (!update || FileMode.GITLINK == c
-										.getEntryFileMode()))
-							builder.add(c.getDirCacheEntry());
+				FileMode mode = f.getIndexFileMode(c);
+				entry.setFileMode(mode);
+
+				if (GITLINK != mode) {
+					entry.setLength(f.getEntryLength());
+					entry.setLastModified(f.getEntryLastModified());
+					long len = f.getEntryContentLength();
+					try (InputStream in = f.openEntryStream()) {
+						ObjectId id = inserter.insert(OBJ_BLOB, len, in);
+						entry.setObjectId(id);
 					}
+				} else {
+					entry.setLength(0);
+					entry.setLastModified(0);
+					entry.setObjectId(f.getEntryObjectId());
 				}
+				builder.add(entry);
+				lastAdded = path;
 			}
 			inserter.flush();
 			builder.commit();
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ApplyCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ApplyCommand.java
index 6a945e4d39..676ae03009 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ApplyCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ApplyCommand.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.FileWriter;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
@@ -141,9 +142,13 @@ public class ApplyCommand extends GitCommand<ApplyResult> {
 				case RENAME:
 					f = getFile(fh.getOldPath(), false);
 					File dest = getFile(fh.getNewPath(), false);
-					if (!f.renameTo(dest))
+					try {
+						FileUtils.rename(f, dest,
+								StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+					} catch (IOException e) {
 						throw new PatchApplyException(MessageFormat.format(
-								JGitText.get().renameFileFailed, f, dest));
+								JGitText.get().renameFileFailed, f, dest), e);
+					}
 					break;
 				case COPY:
 					f = getFile(fh.getOldPath(), false);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CheckoutCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CheckoutCommand.java
index 8743ea9ac7..4f918fa357 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CheckoutCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CheckoutCommand.java
@@ -331,9 +331,16 @@ public class CheckoutCommand extends GitCommand<Ref> {
 	}
 
 	private String getShortBranchName(Ref headRef) {
-		if (headRef.getTarget().getName().equals(headRef.getName()))
-			return headRef.getTarget().getObjectId().getName();
-		return Repository.shortenRefName(headRef.getTarget().getName());
+		if (headRef.isSymbolic()) {
+			return Repository.shortenRefName(headRef.getTarget().getName());
+		}
+		// Detached HEAD. Every non-symbolic ref in the ref database has an
+		// object id, so this cannot be null.
+		ObjectId id = headRef.getObjectId();
+		if (id == null) {
+			throw new NullPointerException();
+		}
+		return id.getName();
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CloneCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CloneCommand.java
index b3bc319aef..2ac8729507 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CloneCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CloneCommand.java
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ConfigConstants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ public class CloneCommand extends TransportCommand<CloneCommand, Git> {
 		}
 
 		if (head == null || head.getObjectId() == null)
-			return; // throw exception?
+			return; // TODO throw exception?
 
 		if (head.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_HEADS)) {
 			final RefUpdate newHead = clonedRepo.updateRef(Constants.HEAD);
@@ -287,20 +288,24 @@ public class CloneCommand extends TransportCommand<CloneCommand, Git> {
 
 	private Ref findBranchToCheckout(FetchResult result) {
 		final Ref idHEAD = result.getAdvertisedRef(Constants.HEAD);
-		if (idHEAD == null)
+		ObjectId headId = idHEAD != null ? idHEAD.getObjectId() : null;
+		if (headId == null) {
 			return null;
+		}
 
 		Ref master = result.getAdvertisedRef(Constants.R_HEADS
 				+ Constants.MASTER);
-		if (master != null && master.getObjectId().equals(idHEAD.getObjectId()))
+		ObjectId objectId = master != null ? master.getObjectId() : null;
+		if (headId.equals(objectId)) {
 			return master;
+		}
 
 		Ref foundBranch = null;
 		for (final Ref r : result.getAdvertisedRefs()) {
 			final String n = r.getName();
 			if (!n.startsWith(Constants.R_HEADS))
 				continue;
-			if (r.getObjectId().equals(idHEAD.getObjectId())) {
+			if (headId.equals(r.getObjectId())) {
 				foundBranch = r;
 				break;
 			}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CommitCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CommitCommand.java
index 6828ed338f..b5057ad282 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CommitCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/CommitCommand.java
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.AbortedByHookException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.ConcurrentRefUpdateException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.EmtpyCommitException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.GitAPIException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.JGitInternalException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.NoFilepatternException;
@@ -130,6 +131,8 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 
 	private PrintStream hookOutRedirect;
 
+	private Boolean allowEmpty;
+
 	/**
 	 * @param repo
 	 */
@@ -231,6 +234,16 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 				if (insertChangeId)
 					insertChangeId(indexTreeId);
 
+				// Check for empty commits
+				if (headId != null && !allowEmpty.booleanValue()) {
+					RevCommit headCommit = rw.parseCommit(headId);
+					headCommit.getTree();
+					if (indexTreeId.equals(headCommit.getTree())) {
+						throw new EmtpyCommitException(
+								JGitText.get().emptyCommit);
+					}
+				}
+
 				// Create a Commit object, populate it and write it
 				CommitBuilder commit = new CommitBuilder();
 				commit.setCommitter(committer);
@@ -457,6 +470,8 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 
 		// there must be at least one change
 		if (emptyCommit)
+			// Would like to throw a EmptyCommitException. But this would break the API
+			// TODO(ch): Change this in the next release
 			throw new JGitInternalException(JGitText.get().emptyCommit);
 
 		// update index
@@ -510,6 +525,12 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 			committer = new PersonIdent(repo);
 		if (author == null && !amend)
 			author = committer;
+		if (allowEmpty == null)
+			// JGit allows empty commits by default. Only when pathes are
+			// specified the commit should not be empty. This behaviour differs
+			// from native git but can only be adapted in the next release.
+			// TODO(ch) align the defaults with native git
+			allowEmpty = (only.isEmpty()) ? Boolean.TRUE : Boolean.FALSE;
 
 		// when doing a merge commit parse MERGE_HEAD and MERGE_MSG files
 		if (state == RepositoryState.MERGING_RESOLVED
@@ -579,6 +600,27 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * @param allowEmpty
+	 *            whether it should be allowed to create a commit which has the
+	 *            same tree as it's sole predecessor (a commit which doesn't
+	 *            change anything). By default when creating standard commits
+	 *            (without specifying paths) JGit allows to create such commits.
+	 *            When this flag is set to false an attempt to create an "empty"
+	 *            standard commit will lead to an EmptyCommitException.
+	 *            <p>
+	 *            By default when creating a commit containing only specified
+	 *            paths an attempt to create an empty commit leads to a
+	 *            {@link JGitInternalException}. By setting this flag to
+	 *            <code>true</code> this exception will not be thrown.
+	 * @return {@code this}
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public CommitCommand setAllowEmpty(boolean allowEmpty) {
+		this.allowEmpty = Boolean.valueOf(allowEmpty);
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * @return the commit message used for the <code>commit</code>
 	 */
 	public String getMessage() {
@@ -681,7 +723,7 @@ public class CommitCommand extends GitCommand<RevCommit> {
 	 */
 	public CommitCommand setAll(boolean all) {
 		checkCallable();
-		if (!only.isEmpty())
+		if (all && !only.isEmpty())
 			throw new JGitInternalException(MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().illegalCombinationOfArguments, "--all", //$NON-NLS-1$
 					"--only")); //$NON-NLS-1$
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/FetchCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/FetchCommand.java
index 9620089b08..de512761a4 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/FetchCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/FetchCommand.java
@@ -116,22 +116,17 @@ public class FetchCommand extends TransportCommand<FetchCommand, FetchResult> {
 			org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.TransportException {
 		checkCallable();
 
-		try {
-			Transport transport = Transport.open(repo, remote);
-			try {
-				transport.setCheckFetchedObjects(checkFetchedObjects);
-				transport.setRemoveDeletedRefs(isRemoveDeletedRefs());
-				transport.setDryRun(dryRun);
-				if (tagOption != null)
-					transport.setTagOpt(tagOption);
-				transport.setFetchThin(thin);
-				configure(transport);
-
-				FetchResult result = transport.fetch(monitor, refSpecs);
-				return result;
-			} finally {
-				transport.close();
-			}
+		try (Transport transport = Transport.open(repo, remote)) {
+			transport.setCheckFetchedObjects(checkFetchedObjects);
+			transport.setRemoveDeletedRefs(isRemoveDeletedRefs());
+			transport.setDryRun(dryRun);
+			if (tagOption != null)
+				transport.setTagOpt(tagOption);
+			transport.setFetchThin(thin);
+			configure(transport);
+
+			FetchResult result = transport.fetch(monitor, refSpecs);
+			return result;
 		} catch (NoRemoteRepositoryException e) {
 			throw new InvalidRemoteException(MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().invalidRemote, remote), e);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/LsRemoteCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/LsRemoteCommand.java
index 3363a0fc8f..f3527fd805 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/LsRemoteCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/LsRemoteCommand.java
@@ -182,13 +182,9 @@ public class LsRemoteCommand extends
 			org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.TransportException {
 		checkCallable();
 
-		Transport transport = null;
-		FetchConnection fc = null;
-		try {
-			if (repo != null)
-				transport = Transport.open(repo, remote);
-			else
-				transport = Transport.open(new URIish(remote));
+		try (Transport transport = repo != null
+				? Transport.open(repo, remote)
+				: Transport.open(new URIish(remote))) {
 			transport.setOptionUploadPack(uploadPack);
 			configure(transport);
 			Collection<RefSpec> refSpecs = new ArrayList<RefSpec>(1);
@@ -199,19 +195,20 @@ public class LsRemoteCommand extends
 				refSpecs.add(new RefSpec("refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*")); //$NON-NLS-1$
 			Collection<Ref> refs;
 			Map<String, Ref> refmap = new HashMap<String, Ref>();
-			fc = transport.openFetch();
-			refs = fc.getRefs();
-			if (refSpecs.isEmpty())
-				for (Ref r : refs)
-					refmap.put(r.getName(), r);
-			else
-				for (Ref r : refs)
-					for (RefSpec rs : refSpecs)
-						if (rs.matchSource(r)) {
-							refmap.put(r.getName(), r);
-							break;
-						}
-			return refmap;
+			try (FetchConnection fc = transport.openFetch()) {
+				refs = fc.getRefs();
+				if (refSpecs.isEmpty())
+					for (Ref r : refs)
+						refmap.put(r.getName(), r);
+				else
+					for (Ref r : refs)
+						for (RefSpec rs : refSpecs)
+							if (rs.matchSource(r)) {
+								refmap.put(r.getName(), r);
+								break;
+							}
+				return refmap;
+			}
 		} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
 			throw new InvalidRemoteException(MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().invalidRemote, remote));
@@ -223,11 +220,6 @@ public class LsRemoteCommand extends
 			throw new org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors.TransportException(
 					e.getMessage(),
 					e);
-		} finally {
-			if (fc != null)
-				fc.close();
-			if (transport != null)
-				transport.close();
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/RebaseCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/RebaseCommand.java
index 8582bbb0dc..e3e76c95f4 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/RebaseCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/RebaseCommand.java
@@ -560,6 +560,8 @@ public class RebaseCommand extends GitCommand<RebaseResult> {
 		lastStepWasForward = newHead != null;
 		if (!lastStepWasForward) {
 			ObjectId headId = getHead().getObjectId();
+			// getHead() checks for null
+			assert headId != null;
 			if (!AnyObjectId.equals(headId, newParents.get(0)))
 				checkoutCommit(headId.getName(), newParents.get(0));
 
@@ -674,6 +676,8 @@ public class RebaseCommand extends GitCommand<RebaseResult> {
 			return;
 
 		ObjectId headId = getHead().getObjectId();
+		// getHead() checks for null
+		assert headId != null;
 		String head = headId.getName();
 		String currentCommits = rebaseState.readFile(CURRENT_COMMIT);
 		for (String current : currentCommits.split("\n")) //$NON-NLS-1$
@@ -1073,11 +1077,12 @@ public class RebaseCommand extends GitCommand<RebaseResult> {
 
 		Ref head = getHead();
 
-		String headName = getHeadName(head);
 		ObjectId headId = head.getObjectId();
-		if (headId == null)
+		if (headId == null) {
 			throw new RefNotFoundException(MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().refNotResolved, Constants.HEAD));
+		}
+		String headName = getHeadName(head);
 		RevCommit headCommit = walk.lookupCommit(headId);
 		RevCommit upstream = walk.lookupCommit(upstreamCommit.getId());
 
@@ -1188,10 +1193,14 @@ public class RebaseCommand extends GitCommand<RebaseResult> {
 
 	private static String getHeadName(Ref head) {
 		String headName;
-		if (head.isSymbolic())
+		if (head.isSymbolic()) {
 			headName = head.getTarget().getName();
-		else
-			headName = head.getObjectId().getName();
+		} else {
+			ObjectId headId = head.getObjectId();
+			// the callers are checking this already
+			assert headId != null;
+			headName = headId.getName();
+		}
 		return headName;
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ResetCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ResetCommand.java
index 8f4bc4f26c..4c91e6c17f 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ResetCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/ResetCommand.java
@@ -190,10 +190,8 @@ public class ResetCommand extends GitCommand<Ref> {
 				ObjectId origHead = ru.getOldObjectId();
 				if (origHead != null)
 					repo.writeOrigHead(origHead);
-				result = ru.getRef();
-			} else {
-				result = repo.getRef(Constants.HEAD);
 			}
+			result = repo.exactRef(Constants.HEAD);
 
 			if (mode == null)
 				mode = ResetType.MIXED;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/StashDropCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/StashDropCommand.java
index 7923fd49be..f6903be05c 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/StashDropCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/StashDropCommand.java
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.R_STASH;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.List;
 
@@ -220,12 +221,14 @@ public class StashDropCommand extends GitCommand<ObjectId> {
 						entry.getWho(), entry.getComment());
 				entryId = entry.getNewId();
 			}
-			if (!stashLockFile.renameTo(stashFile)) {
-				FileUtils.delete(stashFile);
-				if (!stashLockFile.renameTo(stashFile))
+			try {
+				FileUtils.rename(stashLockFile, stashFile,
+						StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+			} catch (IOException e) {
 					throw new JGitInternalException(MessageFormat.format(
 							JGitText.get().renameFileFailed,
-							stashLockFile.getPath(), stashFile.getPath()));
+								stashLockFile.getPath(), stashFile.getPath()),
+						e);
 			}
 		} catch (IOException e) {
 			throw new JGitInternalException(JGitText.get().stashDropFailed, e);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/TransportCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/TransportCommand.java
index 1aeb6109ec..3d2e46b26e 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/TransportCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/TransportCommand.java
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ public abstract class TransportCommand<C extends GitCommand, T> extends
 	 */
 	protected TransportCommand(final Repository repo) {
 		super(repo);
+		setCredentialsProvider(CredentialsProvider.getDefault());
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/errors/EmtpyCommitException.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/errors/EmtpyCommitException.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b3cc1bfcf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/api/errors/EmtpyCommitException.java
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015, Christian Halstrick <christian.halstrick@sap.com>
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
+ * terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which accompanies this
+ * distribution, is reproduced below, and is available at
+ * http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+ * list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+ * this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+ * and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the names of its
+ * contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
+ * software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
+ * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
+ * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+package org.eclipse.jgit.api.errors;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when a newly created commit does not contain any changes
+ *
+ * @since 4.2
+ */
+public class EmtpyCommitException extends GitAPIException {
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	/**
+	 * @param message
+	 * @param cause
+	 */
+	public EmtpyCommitException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+		super(message, cause);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @param message
+	 */
+	public EmtpyCommitException(String message) {
+		super(message);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/BaseDirCacheEditor.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/BaseDirCacheEditor.java
index 70f80aeb7a..0fbc1f8acf 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/BaseDirCacheEditor.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/BaseDirCacheEditor.java
@@ -44,8 +44,13 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.dircache;
 
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_TREE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths.compareSameName;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.DirCacheNameConflictException;
+
 /**
  * Generic update/editing support for {@link DirCache}.
  * <p>
@@ -168,6 +173,7 @@ abstract class BaseDirCacheEditor {
 	 * {@link #finish()}, and only after {@link #entries} is sorted.
 	 */
 	protected void replace() {
+		checkNameConflicts();
 		if (entryCnt < entries.length / 2) {
 			final DirCacheEntry[] n = new DirCacheEntry[entryCnt];
 			System.arraycopy(entries, 0, n, 0, entryCnt);
@@ -176,6 +182,76 @@ abstract class BaseDirCacheEditor {
 		cache.replace(entries, entryCnt);
 	}
 
+	private void checkNameConflicts() {
+		int end = entryCnt - 1;
+		for (int eIdx = 0; eIdx < end; eIdx++) {
+			DirCacheEntry e = entries[eIdx];
+			if (e.getStage() != 0) {
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			byte[] ePath = e.path;
+			int prefixLen = lastSlash(ePath) + 1;
+
+			for (int nIdx = eIdx + 1; nIdx < entryCnt; nIdx++) {
+				DirCacheEntry n = entries[nIdx];
+				if (n.getStage() != 0) {
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				byte[] nPath = n.path;
+				if (!startsWith(ePath, nPath, prefixLen)) {
+					// Different prefix; this entry is in another directory.
+					break;
+				}
+
+				int s = nextSlash(nPath, prefixLen);
+				int m = s < nPath.length ? TYPE_TREE : n.getRawMode();
+				int cmp = compareSameName(
+						ePath, prefixLen, ePath.length,
+						nPath, prefixLen, s, m);
+				if (cmp < 0) {
+					break;
+				} else if (cmp == 0) {
+					throw new DirCacheNameConflictException(
+							e.getPathString(),
+							n.getPathString());
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static int lastSlash(byte[] path) {
+		for (int i = path.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+			if (path[i] == '/') {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	private static int nextSlash(byte[] b, int p) {
+		final int n = b.length;
+		for (; p < n; p++) {
+			if (b[p] == '/') {
+				return p;
+			}
+		}
+		return n;
+	}
+
+	private static boolean startsWith(byte[] a, byte[] b, int n) {
+		if (b.length < n) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		for (n--; n >= 0; n--) {
+			if (a[n] != b[n]) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Finish, write, commit this change, and release the index lock.
 	 * <p>
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCache.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCache.java
index fa0339544f..ecdfe823a8 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCache.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCache.java
@@ -800,8 +800,11 @@ public class DirCache {
 	 *         information. If &lt; 0 the entry does not exist in the index.
 	 * @since 3.4
 	 */
-	public int findEntry(final byte[] p, final int pLen) {
-		int low = 0;
+	public int findEntry(byte[] p, int pLen) {
+		return findEntry(0, p, pLen);
+	}
+
+	int findEntry(int low, byte[] p, int pLen) {
 		int high = entryCnt;
 		while (low < high) {
 			int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheBuildIterator.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheBuildIterator.java
index da55306665..c10e416082 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheBuildIterator.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheBuildIterator.java
@@ -130,4 +130,9 @@ public class DirCacheBuildIterator extends DirCacheIterator {
 		if (cur < cnt)
 			builder.keep(cur, cnt - cur);
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean needsStopWalk() {
+		return ptr < cache.getEntryCount();
+	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheCheckout.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheCheckout.java
index 4eb688170c..a1e1d15ac6 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheCheckout.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheCheckout.java
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
@@ -1319,11 +1320,12 @@ public class DirCacheCheckout {
 			if (deleteRecursive && f.isDirectory()) {
 				FileUtils.delete(f, FileUtils.RECURSIVE);
 			}
-			FileUtils.rename(tmpFile, f);
+			FileUtils.rename(tmpFile, f, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
 		} catch (IOException e) {
-			throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
-					JGitText.get().renameFileFailed, tmpFile.getPath(),
-					f.getPath()));
+			throw new IOException(
+					MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().renameFileFailed,
+							tmpFile.getPath(), f.getPath()),
+					e);
 		} finally {
 			if (tmpFile.exists()) {
 				FileUtils.delete(tmpFile);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEditor.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEditor.java
index 13885d370c..c987c964c4 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEditor.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEditor.java
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.dircache;
 
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCache.cmp;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheTree.peq;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_TREE;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -53,6 +57,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths;
 
 /**
  * Updates a {@link DirCache} by supplying discrete edit commands.
@@ -72,11 +77,12 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 		public int compare(final PathEdit o1, final PathEdit o2) {
 			final byte[] a = o1.path;
 			final byte[] b = o2.path;
-			return DirCache.cmp(a, a.length, b, b.length);
+			return cmp(a, a.length, b, b.length);
 		}
 	};
 
 	private final List<PathEdit> edits;
+	private int editIdx;
 
 	/**
 	 * Construct a new editor.
@@ -126,35 +132,44 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 
 	private void applyEdits() {
 		Collections.sort(edits, EDIT_CMP);
+		editIdx = 0;
 
 		final int maxIdx = cache.getEntryCount();
 		int lastIdx = 0;
-		for (final PathEdit e : edits) {
-			int eIdx = cache.findEntry(e.path, e.path.length);
+		while (editIdx < edits.size()) {
+			PathEdit e = edits.get(editIdx++);
+			int eIdx = cache.findEntry(lastIdx, e.path, e.path.length);
 			final boolean missing = eIdx < 0;
 			if (eIdx < 0)
 				eIdx = -(eIdx + 1);
 			final int cnt = Math.min(eIdx, maxIdx) - lastIdx;
 			if (cnt > 0)
 				fastKeep(lastIdx, cnt);
-			lastIdx = missing ? eIdx : cache.nextEntry(eIdx);
 
-			if (e instanceof DeletePath)
+			if (e instanceof DeletePath) {
+				lastIdx = missing ? eIdx : cache.nextEntry(eIdx);
 				continue;
+			}
 			if (e instanceof DeleteTree) {
 				lastIdx = cache.nextEntry(e.path, e.path.length, eIdx);
 				continue;
 			}
 
 			if (missing) {
-				final DirCacheEntry ent = new DirCacheEntry(e.path);
+				DirCacheEntry ent = new DirCacheEntry(e.path);
 				e.apply(ent);
-				if (ent.getRawMode() == 0)
-					throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().fileModeNotSetForPath
-							, ent.getPathString()));
+				if (ent.getRawMode() == 0) {
+					throw new IllegalArgumentException(MessageFormat.format(
+							JGitText.get().fileModeNotSetForPath,
+							ent.getPathString()));
+				}
+				lastIdx = e.replace
+					? deleteOverlappingSubtree(ent, eIdx)
+					: eIdx;
 				fastAdd(ent);
 			} else {
 				// Apply to all entries of the current path (different stages)
+				lastIdx = cache.nextEntry(eIdx);
 				for (int i = eIdx; i < lastIdx; i++) {
 					final DirCacheEntry ent = cache.getEntry(i);
 					e.apply(ent);
@@ -168,6 +183,102 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 			fastKeep(lastIdx, cnt);
 	}
 
+	private int deleteOverlappingSubtree(DirCacheEntry ent, int eIdx) {
+		byte[] entPath = ent.path;
+		int entLen = entPath.length;
+
+		// Delete any file that was previously processed and overlaps
+		// the parent directory for the new entry. Since the editor
+		// always processes entries in path order, binary search back
+		// for the overlap for each parent directory.
+		for (int p = pdir(entPath, entLen); p > 0; p = pdir(entPath, p)) {
+			int i = findEntry(entPath, p);
+			if (i >= 0) {
+				// A file does overlap, delete the file from the array.
+				// No other parents can have overlaps as the file should
+				// have taken care of that itself.
+				int n = --entryCnt - i;
+				System.arraycopy(entries, i + 1, entries, i, n);
+				break;
+			}
+
+			// If at least one other entry already exists in this parent
+			// directory there is no need to continue searching up the tree.
+			i = -(i + 1);
+			if (i < entryCnt && inDir(entries[i], entPath, p)) {
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		int maxEnt = cache.getEntryCount();
+		if (eIdx >= maxEnt) {
+			return maxEnt;
+		}
+
+		DirCacheEntry next = cache.getEntry(eIdx);
+		if (Paths.compare(next.path, 0, next.path.length, 0,
+				entPath, 0, entLen, TYPE_TREE) < 0) {
+			// Next DirCacheEntry sorts before new entry as tree. Defer a
+			// DeleteTree command to delete any entries if they exist. This
+			// case only happens for A, A.c, A/c type of conflicts (rare).
+			insertEdit(new DeleteTree(entPath));
+			return eIdx;
+		}
+
+		// Next entry may be contained by the entry-as-tree, skip if so.
+		while (eIdx < maxEnt && inDir(cache.getEntry(eIdx), entPath, entLen)) {
+			eIdx++;
+		}
+		return eIdx;
+	}
+
+	private int findEntry(byte[] p, int pLen) {
+		int low = 0;
+		int high = entryCnt;
+		while (low < high) {
+			int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
+			int cmp = cmp(p, pLen, entries[mid]);
+			if (cmp < 0) {
+				high = mid;
+			} else if (cmp == 0) {
+				while (mid > 0 && cmp(p, pLen, entries[mid - 1]) == 0) {
+					mid--;
+				}
+				return mid;
+			} else {
+				low = mid + 1;
+			}
+		}
+		return -(low + 1);
+	}
+
+	private void insertEdit(DeleteTree d) {
+		for (int i = editIdx; i < edits.size(); i++) {
+			int cmp = EDIT_CMP.compare(d, edits.get(i));
+			if (cmp < 0) {
+				edits.add(i, d);
+				return;
+			} else if (cmp == 0) {
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+		edits.add(d);
+	}
+
+	private static boolean inDir(DirCacheEntry e, byte[] path, int pLen) {
+		return e.path.length > pLen && e.path[pLen] == '/'
+				&& peq(path, e.path, pLen);
+	}
+
+	private static int pdir(byte[] path, int e) {
+		for (e--; e > 0; e--) {
+			if (path[e] == '/') {
+				return e;
+			}
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Any index record update.
 	 * <p>
@@ -179,6 +290,7 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 	 */
 	public abstract static class PathEdit {
 		final byte[] path;
+		boolean replace = true;
 
 		/**
 		 * Create a new update command by path name.
@@ -190,6 +302,10 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 			path = Constants.encode(entryPath);
 		}
 
+		PathEdit(byte[] path) {
+			this.path = path;
+		}
+
 		/**
 		 * Create a new update command for an existing entry instance.
 		 *
@@ -202,6 +318,22 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 		}
 
 		/**
+		 * Configure if a file can replace a directory (or vice versa).
+		 * <p>
+		 * Default is {@code true} as this is usually the desired behavior.
+		 *
+		 * @param ok
+		 *            if true a file can replace a directory, or a directory can
+		 *            replace a file.
+		 * @return {@code this}
+		 * @since 4.2
+		 */
+		public PathEdit setReplace(boolean ok) {
+			replace = ok;
+			return this;
+		}
+
+		/**
 		 * Apply the update to a single cache entry matching the path.
 		 * <p>
 		 * After apply is invoked the entry is added to the output table, and
@@ -212,6 +344,12 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 		 *            the path is a new path in the index.
 		 */
 		public abstract void apply(DirCacheEntry ent);
+
+		@Override
+		public String toString() {
+			String p = DirCacheEntry.toString(path);
+			return getClass().getSimpleName() + '[' + p + ']';
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -272,10 +410,26 @@ public class DirCacheEditor extends BaseDirCacheEditor {
 		 *            only the subtree's contents are matched by the command.
 		 *            The special case "" (not "/"!) deletes all entries.
 		 */
-		public DeleteTree(final String entryPath) {
-			super(
-					(entryPath.endsWith("/") || entryPath.length() == 0) ? entryPath //$NON-NLS-1$
-							: entryPath + "/"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		public DeleteTree(String entryPath) {
+			super(entryPath.isEmpty()
+					|| entryPath.charAt(entryPath.length() - 1) == '/'
+					? entryPath
+					: entryPath + '/');
+		}
+
+		DeleteTree(byte[] path) {
+			super(appendSlash(path));
+		}
+
+		private static byte[] appendSlash(byte[] path) {
+			int n = path.length;
+			if (n > 0 && path[n - 1] != '/') {
+				byte[] r = new byte[n + 1];
+				System.arraycopy(path, 0, r, 0, n);
+				r[n] = '/';
+				return r;
+			}
+			return path;
 		}
 
 		public void apply(final DirCacheEntry ent) {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEntry.java
index c8bc0960f4..4ebf2e0d71 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEntry.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/dircache/DirCacheEntry.java
@@ -294,6 +294,23 @@ public class DirCacheEntry {
 		NB.encodeInt16(info, infoOffset + P_FLAGS, flags);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Duplicate DirCacheEntry with same path and copied info.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The same path buffer is reused (avoiding copying), however a new info
+	 * buffer is created and its contents are copied.
+	 *
+	 * @param src
+	 *            entry to clone.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public DirCacheEntry(DirCacheEntry src) {
+		path = src.path;
+		info = new byte[INFO_LEN];
+		infoOffset = 0;
+		System.arraycopy(src.info, src.infoOffset, info, 0, INFO_LEN);
+	}
+
 	void write(final OutputStream os) throws IOException {
 		final int len = isExtended() ? INFO_LEN_EXTENDED : INFO_LEN;
 		final int pathLen = path.length;
@@ -745,7 +762,7 @@ public class DirCacheEntry {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static String toString(final byte[] path) {
+	static String toString(final byte[] path) {
 		return Constants.CHARSET.decode(ByteBuffer.wrap(path)).toString();
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/CorruptObjectException.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/CorruptObjectException.java
index c6ea093750..e4db40b889 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/CorruptObjectException.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/CorruptObjectException.java
@@ -49,8 +49,10 @@ package org.eclipse.jgit.errors;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 
 /**
@@ -59,6 +61,26 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 public class CorruptObjectException extends IOException {
 	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
 
+	private ObjectChecker.ErrorType errorType;
+
+	/**
+	 * Report a specific error condition discovered in an object.
+	 *
+	 * @param type
+	 *            type of error
+	 * @param id
+	 *            identity of the bad object
+	 * @param why
+	 *            description of the error.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public CorruptObjectException(ObjectChecker.ErrorType type, AnyObjectId id,
+			String why) {
+		super(MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().objectIsCorrupt3,
+				type.getMessageId(), id.name(), why));
+		this.errorType = type;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Construct a CorruptObjectException for reporting a problem specified
 	 * object id
@@ -66,8 +88,8 @@ public class CorruptObjectException extends IOException {
 	 * @param id
 	 * @param why
 	 */
-	public CorruptObjectException(final AnyObjectId id, final String why) {
-		this(id.toObjectId(), why);
+	public CorruptObjectException(AnyObjectId id, String why) {
+		super(MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().objectIsCorrupt, id.name(), why));
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -77,7 +99,7 @@ public class CorruptObjectException extends IOException {
 	 * @param id
 	 * @param why
 	 */
-	public CorruptObjectException(final ObjectId id, final String why) {
+	public CorruptObjectException(ObjectId id, String why) {
 		super(MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().objectIsCorrupt, id.name(), why));
 	}
 
@@ -87,7 +109,7 @@ public class CorruptObjectException extends IOException {
 	 *
 	 * @param why
 	 */
-	public CorruptObjectException(final String why) {
+	public CorruptObjectException(String why) {
 		super(why);
 	}
 
@@ -105,4 +127,15 @@ public class CorruptObjectException extends IOException {
 		super(why);
 		initCause(cause);
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Specific error condition identified by {@link ObjectChecker}.
+	 *
+	 * @return error condition or null.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public ObjectChecker.ErrorType getErrorType() {
+		return errorType;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/GitlinkTreeEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/DirCacheNameConflictException.java
index 936fd82bfd..5f67e3439b 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/GitlinkTreeEntry.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/errors/DirCacheNameConflictException.java
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2009, Jonas Fonseca <fonseca@diku.dk>
- * Copyright (C) 2007, Robin Rosenberg <robin.rosenberg@dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2007, Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2015, Google Inc.
  * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
  *
  * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
@@ -43,45 +41,40 @@
  * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
+package org.eclipse.jgit.errors;
 
 /**
- * A tree entry representing a gitlink entry used for submodules.
+ * Thrown by DirCache code when entries overlap in impossible way.
  *
- * Note. Java cannot really handle these as file system objects.
- *
- * @deprecated To look up information about a single path, use
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk#forPath(Repository, String, org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree)}.
- * To lookup information about multiple paths at once, use a
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk} and obtain the current entry's
- * information from its getter methods.
+ * @since 4.2
  */
-@Deprecated
-public class GitlinkTreeEntry extends TreeEntry {
+public class DirCacheNameConflictException extends IllegalStateException {
+	private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
+	private final String path1;
+	private final String path2;
 
 	/**
-	 * Construct a {@link GitlinkTreeEntry} with the specified name and SHA-1 in
-	 * the specified parent
+	 * Construct an exception for a specific path.
 	 *
-	 * @param parent
-	 * @param id
-	 * @param nameUTF8
+	 * @param path1
+	 *            one path that conflicts.
+	 * @param path2
+	 *            another path that conflicts.
 	 */
-	public GitlinkTreeEntry(final Tree parent, final ObjectId id,
-			final byte[] nameUTF8) {
-		super(parent, id, nameUTF8);
+	public DirCacheNameConflictException(String path1, String path2) {
+		super(path1 + ' ' + path2);
+		this.path1 = path1;
+		this.path2 = path2;
 	}
 
-	public FileMode getMode() {
-		return FileMode.GITLINK;
+	/** @return one of the paths that has a conflict. */
+	public String getPath1() {
+		return path1;
 	}
 
-	@Override
-	public String toString() {
-		final StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
-		r.append(ObjectId.toString(getId()));
-		r.append(" G "); //$NON-NLS-1$
-		r.append(getFullName());
-		return r.toString();
+	/** @return another path that has a conflict. */
+	public String getPath2() {
+		return path2;
 	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/ManifestParser.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/ManifestParser.java
index 891479d1f4..7eb955006e 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/ManifestParser.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/ManifestParser.java
@@ -338,6 +338,20 @@ public class ManifestParser extends DefaultHandler {
 			else
 				last = p;
 		}
+		removeNestedCopyfiles();
+	}
+
+	/** Remove copyfiles that sit in a subdirectory of any other project. */
+	void removeNestedCopyfiles() {
+		for (RepoProject proj : filteredProjects) {
+			List<CopyFile> copyfiles = new ArrayList<>(proj.getCopyFiles());
+			proj.clearCopyFiles();
+			for (CopyFile copyfile : copyfiles) {
+				if (!isNestedCopyfile(copyfile)) {
+					proj.addCopyFile(copyfile);
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	boolean inGroups(RepoProject proj) {
@@ -357,4 +371,22 @@ public class ManifestParser extends DefaultHandler {
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
+
+	private boolean isNestedCopyfile(CopyFile copyfile) {
+		if (copyfile.dest.indexOf('/') == -1) {
+			// If the copyfile is at root level then it won't be nested.
+			return false;
+		}
+		for (RepoProject proj : filteredProjects) {
+			if (proj.getPath().compareTo(copyfile.dest) > 0) {
+				// Early return as remaining projects can't be ancestor of this
+				// copyfile config (filteredProjects is sorted).
+				return false;
+			}
+			if (proj.isAncestorOf(copyfile.dest)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/RepoProject.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/RepoProject.java
index 9a072114a7..915066d58f 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/RepoProject.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/gitrepo/RepoProject.java
@@ -258,6 +258,15 @@ public class RepoProject implements Comparable<RepoProject> {
 		this.copyfiles.addAll(copyfiles);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Clear all the copyfiles.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public void clearCopyFiles() {
+		this.copyfiles.clear();
+	}
+
 	private String getPathWithSlash() {
 		if (path.endsWith("/")) //$NON-NLS-1$
 			return path;
@@ -273,7 +282,19 @@ public class RepoProject implements Comparable<RepoProject> {
 	 * @return true if this sub repo is the ancestor of given sub repo.
 	 */
 	public boolean isAncestorOf(RepoProject that) {
-		return that.getPathWithSlash().startsWith(this.getPathWithSlash());
+		return isAncestorOf(that.getPathWithSlash());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if this sub repo is an ancestor of the given path.
+	 *
+	 * @param path
+	 *            path to be checked to see if it is within this repository
+	 * @return true if this sub repo is an ancestor of the given path.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public boolean isAncestorOf(String path) {
+		return path.startsWith(getPathWithSlash());
 	}
 
 	@Override
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.java
index 796eaaebf5..7740a2bb80 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/JGitText.java
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String cannotStoreObjects;
 	/***/ public String cannotResolveUniquelyAbbrevObjectId;
 	/***/ public String cannotUnloadAModifiedTree;
+	/***/ public String cannotUpdateUnbornBranch;
 	/***/ public String cannotWorkWithOtherStagesThanZeroRightNow;
 	/***/ public String cannotWriteObjectsPath;
 	/***/ public String canOnlyCherryPickCommitsWithOneParent;
@@ -184,14 +185,15 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String connectionTimeOut;
 	/***/ public String contextMustBeNonNegative;
 	/***/ public String corruptionDetectedReReadingAt;
+	/***/ public String corruptObjectBadDate;
+	/***/ public String corruptObjectBadEmail;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectBadStream;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectBadStreamCorruptHeader;
+	/***/ public String corruptObjectBadTimezone;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectDuplicateEntryNames;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectGarbageAfterSize;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectIncorrectLength;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectIncorrectSorting;
-	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidAuthor;
-	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidCommitter;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidEntryMode;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidMode;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidModeChar;
@@ -210,11 +212,11 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidNamePrn;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidObject;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidParent;
-	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidTagger;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidTree;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidType;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectInvalidType2;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectMalformedHeader;
+	/***/ public String corruptObjectMissingEmail;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectNameContainsByte;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectNameContainsChar;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectNameContainsNullByte;
@@ -240,6 +242,7 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectTruncatedInMode;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectTruncatedInName;
 	/***/ public String corruptObjectTruncatedInObjectId;
+	/***/ public String corruptObjectZeroId;
 	/***/ public String corruptPack;
 	/***/ public String couldNotCheckOutBecauseOfConflicts;
 	/***/ public String couldNotDeleteLockFileShouldNotHappen;
@@ -491,6 +494,7 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String objectAtHasBadZlibStream;
 	/***/ public String objectAtPathDoesNotHaveId;
 	/***/ public String objectIsCorrupt;
+	/***/ public String objectIsCorrupt3;
 	/***/ public String objectIsNotA;
 	/***/ public String objectNotFound;
 	/***/ public String objectNotFoundIn;
@@ -663,6 +667,7 @@ public class JGitText extends TranslationBundle {
 	/***/ public String transportProtoSFTP;
 	/***/ public String transportProtoSSH;
 	/***/ public String transportProtoTest;
+	/***/ public String transportProvidedRefWithNoObjectId;
 	/***/ public String transportSSHRetryInterrupt;
 	/***/ public String treeEntryAlreadyExists;
 	/***/ public String treeFilterMarkerTooManyFilters;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsGarbageCollector.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsGarbageCollector.java
index faf27e32bb..784507d88c 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsGarbageCollector.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsGarbageCollector.java
@@ -44,18 +44,17 @@
 package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs;
 
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.DfsObjDatabase.PackSource.GC;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.DfsObjDatabase.PackSource.GC_TXN;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.DfsObjDatabase.PackSource.UNREACHABLE_GARBAGE;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt.BITMAP_INDEX;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt.INDEX;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt.PACK;
-import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase.ALL;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
@@ -63,13 +62,15 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.dfs.DfsObjDatabase.PackSource;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.PackIndex;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackWriter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree.RefTreeNames;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdOwnerMap;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.storage.pack.PackConfig;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.storage.pack.PackStatistics;
@@ -78,16 +79,14 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.io.CountingOutputStream;
 /** Repack and garbage collect a repository. */
 public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 	private final DfsRepository repo;
-
-	private final DfsRefDatabase refdb;
-
+	private final RefDatabase refdb;
 	private final DfsObjDatabase objdb;
 
 	private final List<DfsPackDescription> newPackDesc;
 
 	private final List<PackStatistics> newPackStats;
 
-	private final List<PackWriter.ObjectIdSet> newPackObj;
+	private final List<ObjectIdSet> newPackObj;
 
 	private DfsReader ctx;
 
@@ -95,14 +94,11 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 
 	private long coalesceGarbageLimit = 50 << 20;
 
-	private Map<String, Ref> refsBefore;
-
 	private List<DfsPackFile> packsBefore;
 
 	private Set<ObjectId> allHeads;
-
 	private Set<ObjectId> nonHeads;
-
+	private Set<ObjectId> txnHeads;
 	private Set<ObjectId> tagTargets;
 
 	/**
@@ -117,7 +113,7 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 		objdb = repo.getObjectDatabase();
 		newPackDesc = new ArrayList<DfsPackDescription>(4);
 		newPackStats = new ArrayList<PackStatistics>(4);
-		newPackObj = new ArrayList<PackWriter.ObjectIdSet>(4);
+		newPackObj = new ArrayList<ObjectIdSet>(4);
 
 		packConfig = new PackConfig(repo);
 		packConfig.setIndexVersion(2);
@@ -195,22 +191,25 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 
 		ctx = (DfsReader) objdb.newReader();
 		try {
-			refdb.clearCache();
+			refdb.refresh();
 			objdb.clearCache();
 
-			refsBefore = refdb.getRefs(ALL);
+			Collection<Ref> refsBefore = RefTreeNames.allRefs(refdb);
 			packsBefore = packsToRebuild();
 			if (packsBefore.isEmpty())
 				return true;
 
 			allHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 			nonHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
+			txnHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 			tagTargets = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
-			for (Ref ref : refsBefore.values()) {
+			for (Ref ref : refsBefore) {
 				if (ref.isSymbolic() || ref.getObjectId() == null)
 					continue;
 				if (isHead(ref))
 					allHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
+				else if (RefTreeNames.isRefTree(refdb, ref.getName()))
+					txnHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
 				else
 					nonHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
 				if (ref.getPeeledObjectId() != null)
@@ -222,6 +221,7 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 			try {
 				packHeads(pm);
 				packRest(pm);
+				packRefTreeGraph(pm);
 				packGarbage(pm);
 				objdb.commitPack(newPackDesc, toPrune());
 				rollback = false;
@@ -277,18 +277,17 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 
 		try (PackWriter pw = newPackWriter()) {
 			pw.setTagTargets(tagTargets);
-			pw.preparePack(pm, allHeads, Collections.<ObjectId> emptySet());
+			pw.preparePack(pm, allHeads, PackWriter.NONE);
 			if (0 < pw.getObjectCount())
 				writePack(GC, pw, pm);
 		}
 	}
-
 	private void packRest(ProgressMonitor pm) throws IOException {
 		if (nonHeads.isEmpty())
 			return;
 
 		try (PackWriter pw = newPackWriter()) {
-			for (PackWriter.ObjectIdSet packedObjs : newPackObj)
+			for (ObjectIdSet packedObjs : newPackObj)
 				pw.excludeObjects(packedObjs);
 			pw.preparePack(pm, nonHeads, allHeads);
 			if (0 < pw.getObjectCount())
@@ -296,6 +295,19 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 		}
 	}
 
+	private void packRefTreeGraph(ProgressMonitor pm) throws IOException {
+		if (txnHeads.isEmpty())
+			return;
+
+		try (PackWriter pw = newPackWriter()) {
+			for (ObjectIdSet packedObjs : newPackObj)
+				pw.excludeObjects(packedObjs);
+			pw.preparePack(pm, txnHeads, PackWriter.NONE);
+			if (0 < pw.getObjectCount())
+				writePack(GC_TXN, pw, pm);
+		}
+	}
+
 	private void packGarbage(ProgressMonitor pm) throws IOException {
 		// TODO(sop) This is ugly. The garbage pack needs to be deleted.
 		PackConfig cfg = new PackConfig(packConfig);
@@ -328,7 +340,7 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 	}
 
 	private boolean anyPackHas(AnyObjectId id) {
-		for (PackWriter.ObjectIdSet packedObjs : newPackObj)
+		for (ObjectIdSet packedObjs : newPackObj)
 			if (packedObjs.contains(id))
 				return true;
 		return false;
@@ -389,17 +401,10 @@ public class DfsGarbageCollector {
 			}
 		}
 
-		final ObjectIdOwnerMap<ObjectIdOwnerMap.Entry> packedObjs = pw
-				.getObjectSet();
-		newPackObj.add(new PackWriter.ObjectIdSet() {
-			public boolean contains(AnyObjectId objectId) {
-				return packedObjs.contains(objectId);
-			}
-		});
-
 		PackStatistics stats = pw.getStatistics();
 		pack.setPackStats(stats);
 		newPackStats.add(stats);
+		newPackObj.add(pw.getObjectSet());
 
 		DfsBlockCache.getInstance().getOrCreate(pack, null);
 		return pack;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsObjDatabase.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsObjDatabase.java
index 5f491ff2fd..3641560ee9 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsObjDatabase.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsObjDatabase.java
@@ -91,6 +91,13 @@ public abstract class DfsObjDatabase extends ObjectDatabase {
 		GC(1),
 
 		/**
+		 * RefTreeGraph pack was created by Git garbage collection.
+		 *
+		 * @see DfsGarbageCollector
+		 */
+		GC_TXN(1),
+
+		/**
 		 * The pack was created by compacting multiple packs together.
 		 * <p>
 		 * Packs created by compacting multiple packs together aren't nearly as
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsPackCompactor.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsPackCompactor.java
index 7073763a7a..11aef7feaf 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsPackCompactor.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsPackCompactor.java
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackWriter;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevFlag;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevObject;
@@ -91,7 +92,7 @@ public class DfsPackCompactor {
 
 	private final List<DfsPackFile> srcPacks;
 
-	private final List<PackWriter.ObjectIdSet> exclude;
+	private final List<ObjectIdSet> exclude;
 
 	private final List<DfsPackDescription> newPacks;
 
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ public class DfsPackCompactor {
 		repo = repository;
 		autoAddSize = 5 * 1024 * 1024; // 5 MiB
 		srcPacks = new ArrayList<DfsPackFile>();
-		exclude = new ArrayList<PackWriter.ObjectIdSet>(4);
+		exclude = new ArrayList<ObjectIdSet>(4);
 		newPacks = new ArrayList<DfsPackDescription>(1);
 		newStats = new ArrayList<PackStatistics>(1);
 	}
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ public class DfsPackCompactor {
 	 *            objects to not include.
 	 * @return {@code this}.
 	 */
-	public DfsPackCompactor exclude(PackWriter.ObjectIdSet set) {
+	public DfsPackCompactor exclude(ObjectIdSet set) {
 		exclude.add(set);
 		return this;
 	}
@@ -183,11 +184,7 @@ public class DfsPackCompactor {
 		try (DfsReader ctx = (DfsReader) repo.newObjectReader()) {
 			idx = pack.getPackIndex(ctx);
 		}
-		return exclude(new PackWriter.ObjectIdSet() {
-			public boolean contains(AnyObjectId id) {
-				return idx.hasObject(id);
-			}
-		});
+		return exclude(idx);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -343,7 +340,7 @@ public class DfsPackCompactor {
 			RevObject obj = rw.lookupOrNull(id);
 			if (obj != null && (obj.has(added) || obj.has(isBase)))
 				continue;
-			for (PackWriter.ObjectIdSet e : exclude)
+			for (ObjectIdSet e : exclude)
 				if (e.contains(id))
 					continue SCAN;
 			want.add(new ObjectIdWithOffset(id, ent.getOffset()));
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRefDatabase.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRefDatabase.java
index a1035a1284..e5469f6b83 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRefDatabase.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRefDatabase.java
@@ -262,6 +262,11 @@ public abstract class DfsRefDatabase extends RefDatabase {
 	}
 
 	@Override
+	public void refresh() {
+		clearCache();
+	}
+
+	@Override
 	public void close() {
 		clearCache();
 	}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRepository.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRepository.java
index 0d5fd0f859..ef8845084b 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRepository.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/DfsRepository.java
@@ -79,9 +79,6 @@ public abstract class DfsRepository extends Repository {
 	@Override
 	public abstract DfsObjDatabase getObjectDatabase();
 
-	@Override
-	public abstract DfsRefDatabase getRefDatabase();
-
 	/** @return a description of this repository. */
 	public DfsRepositoryDescription getDescription() {
 		return description;
@@ -95,7 +92,10 @@ public abstract class DfsRepository extends Repository {
 	 *             the repository cannot be checked.
 	 */
 	public boolean exists() throws IOException {
-		return getRefDatabase().exists();
+		if (getRefDatabase() instanceof DfsRefDatabase) {
+			return ((DfsRefDatabase) getRefDatabase()).exists();
+		}
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	@Override
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public abstract class DfsRepository extends Repository {
 
 	@Override
 	public void scanForRepoChanges() throws IOException {
-		getRefDatabase().clearCache();
+		getRefDatabase().refresh();
 		getObjectDatabase().clearCache();
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/InMemoryRepository.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/InMemoryRepository.java
index 1c664b4097..5e246b47b4 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/InMemoryRepository.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/dfs/InMemoryRepository.java
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
 
-import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.BatchRefUpdate;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
@@ -24,6 +23,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevObject;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTag;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 	static final AtomicInteger packId = new AtomicInteger();
 
 	private final DfsObjDatabase objdb;
-	private final DfsRefDatabase refdb;
+	private final RefDatabase refdb;
 	private boolean performsAtomicTransactions = true;
 
 	/**
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 	}
 
 	@Override
-	public DfsRefDatabase getRefDatabase() {
+	public RefDatabase getRefDatabase() {
 		return refdb;
 	}
 
@@ -310,6 +310,11 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 			Map<ObjectId, ObjectId> peeled = new HashMap<>();
 			try (RevWalk rw = new RevWalk(getRepository())) {
 				for (ReceiveCommand c : cmds) {
+					if (c.getResult() != ReceiveCommand.Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED) {
+						ReceiveCommand.abort(cmds);
+						return;
+					}
+
 					if (!ObjectId.zeroId().equals(c.getNewId())) {
 						try {
 							RevObject o = rw.parseAny(c.getNewId());
@@ -318,7 +323,7 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 							}
 						} catch (IOException e) {
 							c.setResult(ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_MISSING_OBJECT);
-							reject(cmds);
+							ReceiveCommand.abort(cmds);
 							return;
 						}
 					}
@@ -331,14 +336,17 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 				if (r == null) {
 					if (c.getType() != ReceiveCommand.Type.CREATE) {
 						c.setResult(ReceiveCommand.Result.LOCK_FAILURE);
-						reject(cmds);
+						ReceiveCommand.abort(cmds);
+						return;
+					}
+				} else {
+					ObjectId objectId = r.getObjectId();
+					if (r.isSymbolic() || objectId == null
+							|| !objectId.equals(c.getOldId())) {
+						c.setResult(ReceiveCommand.Result.LOCK_FAILURE);
+						ReceiveCommand.abort(cmds);
 						return;
 					}
-				} else if (r.isSymbolic() || r.getObjectId() == null
-						|| !r.getObjectId().equals(c.getOldId())) {
-					c.setResult(ReceiveCommand.Result.LOCK_FAILURE);
-					reject(cmds);
-					return;
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -365,15 +373,6 @@ public class InMemoryRepository extends DfsRepository {
 			clearCache();
 		}
 
-		private void reject(List<ReceiveCommand> cmds) {
-			for (ReceiveCommand c : cmds) {
-				if (c.getResult() == ReceiveCommand.Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED) {
-					c.setResult(ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
-							JGitText.get().transactionAborted);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
 		@Override
 		protected boolean compareAndPut(Ref oldRef, Ref newRef)
 				throws IOException {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/FileRepository.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/FileRepository.java
index 490cbcaa81..62d2d6969f 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/FileRepository.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/FileRepository.java
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.events.ConfigChangedEvent;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.events.ConfigChangedListener;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.events.IndexChangedEvent;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree.RefTreeDatabase;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.ObjectDirectory.AlternateHandle;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.ObjectDirectory.AlternateRepository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.BaseRepositoryBuilder;
@@ -201,7 +202,22 @@ public class FileRepository extends Repository {
 			}
 		});
 
-		refs = new RefDirectory(this);
+		final long repositoryFormatVersion = getConfig().getLong(
+				ConfigConstants.CONFIG_CORE_SECTION, null,
+				ConfigConstants.CONFIG_KEY_REPO_FORMAT_VERSION, 0);
+
+		String reftype = repoConfig.getString(
+				"extensions", null, "refsStorage"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		if (repositoryFormatVersion >= 1 && reftype != null) {
+			if (StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase(reftype, "reftree")) { //$NON-NLS-1$
+				refs = new RefTreeDatabase(this, new RefDirectory(this));
+			} else {
+				throw new IOException(JGitText.get().unknownRepositoryFormat);
+			}
+		} else {
+			refs = new RefDirectory(this);
+		}
+
 		objectDatabase = new ObjectDirectory(repoConfig, //
 				options.getObjectDirectory(), //
 				options.getAlternateObjectDirectories(), //
@@ -209,10 +225,7 @@ public class FileRepository extends Repository {
 				new File(getDirectory(), Constants.SHALLOW));
 
 		if (objectDatabase.exists()) {
-			final long repositoryFormatVersion = getConfig().getLong(
-					ConfigConstants.CONFIG_CORE_SECTION, null,
-					ConfigConstants.CONFIG_KEY_REPO_FORMAT_VERSION, 0);
-			if (repositoryFormatVersion > 0)
+			if (repositoryFormatVersion > 1)
 				throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
 						JGitText.get().unknownRepositoryFormat2,
 						Long.valueOf(repositoryFormatVersion)));
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/GC.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/GC.java
index 4c40538b6a..2ce0d47348 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/GC.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/GC.java
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file;
 
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt.BITMAP_INDEX;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt.INDEX;
-import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase.ALL;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
@@ -53,6 +52,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.channels.Channels;
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.text.ParseException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -62,14 +62,14 @@ import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
-import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.LinkedList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Map.Entry;
+import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.TreeMap;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheIterator;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
@@ -78,13 +78,13 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.NoWorkTreeException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackExt;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackWriter;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.pack.PackWriter.ObjectIdSet;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree.RefTreeNames;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ConfigConstants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage;
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public class GC {
 	 * difference between the current refs and the refs which existed during
 	 * last {@link #repack()}.
 	 */
-	private Map<String, Ref> lastPackedRefs;
+	private Collection<Ref> lastPackedRefs;
 
 	/**
 	 * Holds the starting time of the last repack() execution. This is needed in
@@ -361,17 +361,20 @@ public class GC {
 		// during last repack(). Only those refs will survive which have been
 		// added or modified since the last repack. Only these can save existing
 		// loose refs from being pruned.
-		Map<String, Ref> newRefs;
+		Collection<Ref> newRefs;
 		if (lastPackedRefs == null || lastPackedRefs.isEmpty())
 			newRefs = getAllRefs();
 		else {
-			newRefs = new HashMap<String, Ref>();
-			for (Iterator<Map.Entry<String, Ref>> i = getAllRefs().entrySet()
-					.iterator(); i.hasNext();) {
-				Entry<String, Ref> newEntry = i.next();
-				Ref old = lastPackedRefs.get(newEntry.getKey());
-				if (!equals(newEntry.getValue(), old))
-					newRefs.put(newEntry.getKey(), newEntry.getValue());
+			Map<String, Ref> last = new HashMap<>();
+			for (Ref r : lastPackedRefs) {
+				last.put(r.getName(), r);
+			}
+			newRefs = new ArrayList<>();
+			for (Ref r : getAllRefs()) {
+				Ref old = last.get(r.getName());
+				if (!equals(r, old)) {
+					newRefs.add(r);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -383,10 +386,10 @@ public class GC {
 			// leave this method.
 			ObjectWalk w = new ObjectWalk(repo);
 			try {
-				for (Ref cr : newRefs.values())
+				for (Ref cr : newRefs)
 					w.markStart(w.parseAny(cr.getObjectId()));
 				if (lastPackedRefs != null)
-					for (Ref lpr : lastPackedRefs.values())
+					for (Ref lpr : lastPackedRefs)
 						w.markUninteresting(w.parseAny(lpr.getObjectId()));
 				removeReferenced(deletionCandidates, w);
 			} finally {
@@ -404,11 +407,11 @@ public class GC {
 		// additional reflog entries not handled during last repack()
 		ObjectWalk w = new ObjectWalk(repo);
 		try {
-			for (Ref ar : getAllRefs().values())
+			for (Ref ar : getAllRefs())
 				for (ObjectId id : listRefLogObjects(ar, lastRepackTime))
 					w.markStart(w.parseAny(id));
 			if (lastPackedRefs != null)
-				for (Ref lpr : lastPackedRefs.values())
+				for (Ref lpr : lastPackedRefs)
 					w.markUninteresting(w.parseAny(lpr.getObjectId()));
 			removeReferenced(deletionCandidates, w);
 		} finally {
@@ -483,9 +486,10 @@ public class GC {
 				return false;
 			return r1.getTarget().getName().equals(r2.getTarget().getName());
 		} else {
-			if (r2.isSymbolic())
+			if (r2.isSymbolic()) {
 				return false;
-			return r1.getObjectId().equals(r2.getObjectId());
+			}
+			return Objects.equals(r1.getObjectId(), r2.getObjectId());
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -528,19 +532,23 @@ public class GC {
 		Collection<PackFile> toBeDeleted = repo.getObjectDatabase().getPacks();
 
 		long time = System.currentTimeMillis();
-		Map<String, Ref> refsBefore = getAllRefs();
+		Collection<Ref> refsBefore = getAllRefs();
 
 		Set<ObjectId> allHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 		Set<ObjectId> nonHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
+		Set<ObjectId> txnHeads = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 		Set<ObjectId> tagTargets = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 		Set<ObjectId> indexObjects = listNonHEADIndexObjects();
+		RefDatabase refdb = repo.getRefDatabase();
 
-		for (Ref ref : refsBefore.values()) {
+		for (Ref ref : refsBefore) {
 			nonHeads.addAll(listRefLogObjects(ref, 0));
 			if (ref.isSymbolic() || ref.getObjectId() == null)
 				continue;
 			if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_HEADS))
 				allHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
+			else if (RefTreeNames.isRefTree(refdb, ref.getName()))
+				txnHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
 			else
 				nonHeads.add(ref.getObjectId());
 			if (ref.getPeeledObjectId() != null)
@@ -550,7 +558,7 @@ public class GC {
 		List<ObjectIdSet> excluded = new LinkedList<ObjectIdSet>();
 		for (final PackFile f : repo.getObjectDatabase().getPacks())
 			if (f.shouldBeKept())
-				excluded.add(objectIdSet(f.getIndex()));
+				excluded.add(f.getIndex());
 
 		tagTargets.addAll(allHeads);
 		nonHeads.addAll(indexObjects);
@@ -562,7 +570,7 @@ public class GC {
 					tagTargets, excluded);
 			if (heads != null) {
 				ret.add(heads);
-				excluded.add(0, objectIdSet(heads.getIndex()));
+				excluded.add(0, heads.getIndex());
 			}
 		}
 		if (!nonHeads.isEmpty()) {
@@ -570,6 +578,11 @@ public class GC {
 			if (rest != null)
 				ret.add(rest);
 		}
+		if (!txnHeads.isEmpty()) {
+			PackFile txn = writePack(txnHeads, PackWriter.NONE, null, excluded);
+			if (txn != null)
+				ret.add(txn);
+		}
 		try {
 			deleteOldPacks(toBeDeleted, ret);
 		} catch (ParseException e) {
@@ -622,11 +635,16 @@ public class GC {
 	 * @return a map where names of refs point to ref objects
 	 * @throws IOException
 	 */
-	private Map<String, Ref> getAllRefs() throws IOException {
-		Map<String, Ref> ret = repo.getRefDatabase().getRefs(ALL);
-		for (Ref ref : repo.getRefDatabase().getAdditionalRefs())
-			ret.put(ref.getName(), ref);
-		return ret;
+	private Collection<Ref> getAllRefs() throws IOException {
+		Collection<Ref> refs = RefTreeNames.allRefs(repo.getRefDatabase());
+		List<Ref> addl = repo.getRefDatabase().getAdditionalRefs();
+		if (!addl.isEmpty()) {
+			List<Ref> all = new ArrayList<>(refs.size() + addl.size());
+			all.addAll(refs);
+			all.addAll(addl);
+			return all;
+		}
+		return refs;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -681,8 +699,8 @@ public class GC {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private PackFile writePack(Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
-			Set<? extends ObjectId> have, Set<ObjectId> tagTargets,
+	private PackFile writePack(@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> have, Set<ObjectId> tagTargets,
 			List<ObjectIdSet> excludeObjects) throws IOException {
 		File tmpPack = null;
 		Map<PackExt, File> tmpExts = new TreeMap<PackExt, File>(
@@ -788,39 +806,33 @@ public class GC {
 						break;
 					}
 			tmpPack.setReadOnly();
-			boolean delete = true;
-			try {
-				FileUtils.rename(tmpPack, realPack);
-				delete = false;
-				for (Map.Entry<PackExt, File> tmpEntry : tmpExts.entrySet()) {
-					File tmpExt = tmpEntry.getValue();
-					tmpExt.setReadOnly();
-
-					File realExt = nameFor(
-							id, "." + tmpEntry.getKey().getExtension()); //$NON-NLS-1$
-					try {
-						FileUtils.rename(tmpExt, realExt);
-					} catch (IOException e) {
-						File newExt = new File(realExt.getParentFile(),
-								realExt.getName() + ".new"); //$NON-NLS-1$
-						if (!tmpExt.renameTo(newExt))
-							newExt = tmpExt;
-						throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
-								JGitText.get().panicCantRenameIndexFile, newExt,
-								realExt));
-					}
-				}
 
-			} finally {
-				if (delete) {
-					if (tmpPack.exists())
-						tmpPack.delete();
-					for (File tmpExt : tmpExts.values()) {
-						if (tmpExt.exists())
-							tmpExt.delete();
+			FileUtils.rename(tmpPack, realPack, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+			for (Map.Entry<PackExt, File> tmpEntry : tmpExts.entrySet()) {
+				File tmpExt = tmpEntry.getValue();
+				tmpExt.setReadOnly();
+
+				File realExt = nameFor(id,
+						"." + tmpEntry.getKey().getExtension()); //$NON-NLS-1$
+				try {
+					FileUtils.rename(tmpExt, realExt,
+							StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+				} catch (IOException e) {
+					File newExt = new File(realExt.getParentFile(),
+							realExt.getName() + ".new"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+					try {
+						FileUtils.rename(tmpExt, newExt,
+								StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+					} catch (IOException e2) {
+						newExt = tmpExt;
+						e = e2;
 					}
+					throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
+							JGitText.get().panicCantRenameIndexFile, newExt,
+							realExt), e);
 				}
 			}
+
 			return repo.getObjectDatabase().openPack(realPack);
 		} finally {
 			if (tmpPack != null && tmpPack.exists())
@@ -998,12 +1010,4 @@ public class GC {
 		this.expire = expire;
 		expireAgeMillis = -1;
 	}
-
-	private static ObjectIdSet objectIdSet(final PackIndex idx) {
-		return new ObjectIdSet() {
-			public boolean contains(AnyObjectId objectId) {
-				return idx.hasObject(objectId);
-			}
-		};
-	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LazyObjectIdSetFile.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LazyObjectIdSetFile.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1e2617c0e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LazyObjectIdSetFile.java
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.Reader;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.MutableObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdOwnerMap;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
+
+/** Lazily loads a set of ObjectIds, one per line. */
+public class LazyObjectIdSetFile implements ObjectIdSet {
+	private final File src;
+	private ObjectIdOwnerMap<Entry> set;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new lazy set from a file.
+	 *
+	 * @param src
+	 *            the source file.
+	 */
+	public LazyObjectIdSetFile(File src) {
+		this.src = src;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean contains(AnyObjectId objectId) {
+		if (set == null) {
+			set = load();
+		}
+		return set.contains(objectId);
+	}
+
+	private ObjectIdOwnerMap<Entry> load() {
+		ObjectIdOwnerMap<Entry> r = new ObjectIdOwnerMap<>();
+		try (FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream(src);
+				Reader rin = new InputStreamReader(fin, UTF_8);
+				BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(rin)) {
+			MutableObjectId id = new MutableObjectId();
+			for (String line; (line = br.readLine()) != null;) {
+				id.fromString(line);
+				if (!r.contains(id)) {
+					r.add(new Entry(id));
+				}
+			}
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// Ignore IO errors accessing the lazy set.
+		}
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	static class Entry extends ObjectIdOwnerMap.Entry {
+		Entry(AnyObjectId id) {
+			super(id);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LockFile.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LockFile.java
index e23ca741b8..ce9677a62d 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LockFile.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/LockFile.java
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.nio.channels.Channels;
 import java.nio.channels.FileChannel;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.LockFailedException;
@@ -128,8 +129,6 @@ public class LockFile {
 
 	private FileSnapshot commitSnapshot;
 
-	private final FS fs;
-
 	/**
 	 * Create a new lock for any file.
 	 *
@@ -138,11 +137,24 @@ public class LockFile {
 	 * @param fs
 	 *            the file system abstraction which will be necessary to perform
 	 *            certain file system operations.
+	 * @deprecated use {@link LockFile#LockFile(File)} instead
 	 */
+	@Deprecated
 	public LockFile(final File f, final FS fs) {
 		ref = f;
 		lck = getLockFile(ref);
-		this.fs = fs;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a new lock for any file.
+	 *
+	 * @param f
+	 *            the file that will be locked.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public LockFile(final File f) {
+		ref = f;
+		lck = getLockFile(ref);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -441,56 +453,14 @@ public class LockFile {
 		}
 
 		saveStatInformation();
-		if (lck.renameTo(ref)) {
+		try {
+			FileUtils.rename(lck, ref, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
 			haveLck = false;
 			return true;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			unlock();
+			return false;
 		}
-		if (!ref.exists() || deleteRef()) {
-			if (renameLock()) {
-				haveLck = false;
-				return true;
-			}
-		}
-		unlock();
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	private boolean deleteRef() {
-		if (!fs.retryFailedLockFileCommit())
-			return ref.delete();
-
-		// File deletion fails on windows if another thread is
-		// concurrently reading the same file. So try a few times.
-		//
-		for (int attempts = 0; attempts < 10; attempts++) {
-			if (ref.delete())
-				return true;
-			try {
-				Thread.sleep(100);
-			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		return false;
-	}
-
-	private boolean renameLock() {
-		if (!fs.retryFailedLockFileCommit())
-			return lck.renameTo(ref);
-
-		// File renaming fails on windows if another thread is
-		// concurrently reading the same file. So try a few times.
-		//
-		for (int attempts = 0; attempts < 10; attempts++) {
-			if (lck.renameTo(ref))
-				return true;
-			try {
-				Thread.sleep(100);
-			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-		return false;
 	}
 
 	private void saveStatInformation() {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectory.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectory.java
index bd1d488d94..ea80528518 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectory.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectory.java
@@ -52,6 +52,9 @@ import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
 import java.io.FileReader;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.AtomicMoveNotSupportedException;
+import java.nio.file.Files;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -608,10 +611,16 @@ public class ObjectDirectory extends FileObjectDatabase {
 			FileUtils.delete(tmp, FileUtils.RETRY);
 			return InsertLooseObjectResult.EXISTS_LOOSE;
 		}
-		if (tmp.renameTo(dst)) {
+		try {
+			Files.move(tmp.toPath(), dst.toPath(),
+					StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
 			dst.setReadOnly();
 			unpackedObjectCache.add(id);
 			return InsertLooseObjectResult.INSERTED;
+		} catch (AtomicMoveNotSupportedException e) {
+			LOG.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// ignore
 		}
 
 		// Maybe the directory doesn't exist yet as the object
@@ -619,10 +628,16 @@ public class ObjectDirectory extends FileObjectDatabase {
 		// try the rename first as the directory likely does exist.
 		//
 		FileUtils.mkdir(dst.getParentFile(), true);
-		if (tmp.renameTo(dst)) {
+		try {
+			Files.move(tmp.toPath(), dst.toPath(),
+					StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
 			dst.setReadOnly();
 			unpackedObjectCache.add(id);
 			return InsertLooseObjectResult.INSERTED;
+		} catch (AtomicMoveNotSupportedException e) {
+			LOG.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			LOG.debug(e.getMessage(), e);
 		}
 
 		if (!createDuplicate && has(id)) {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectoryPackParser.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectoryPackParser.java
index 1c076ee099..2e6c245ea1 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectoryPackParser.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/ObjectDirectoryPackParser.java
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.RandomAccessFile;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 import java.security.MessageDigest;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -476,20 +477,25 @@ public class ObjectDirectoryPackParser extends PackParser {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if (!tmpPack.renameTo(finalPack)) {
+		try {
+			FileUtils.rename(tmpPack, finalPack,
+					StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
 			cleanupTemporaryFiles();
 			keep.unlock();
 			throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
-					JGitText.get().cannotMovePackTo, finalPack));
+					JGitText.get().cannotMovePackTo, finalPack), e);
 		}
 
-		if (!tmpIdx.renameTo(finalIdx)) {
+		try {
+			FileUtils.rename(tmpIdx, finalIdx, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
 			cleanupTemporaryFiles();
 			keep.unlock();
 			if (!finalPack.delete())
 				finalPack.deleteOnExit();
 			throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
-					JGitText.get().cannotMoveIndexTo, finalIdx));
+					JGitText.get().cannotMoveIndexTo, finalIdx), e);
 		}
 
 		try {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/PackIndex.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/PackIndex.java
index 0040aea713..f36bd4d70c 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/PackIndex.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/PackIndex.java
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AbbreviatedObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.MutableObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.IO;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.NB;
 
@@ -72,7 +73,8 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.NB;
  * by ObjectId.
  * </p>
  */
-public abstract class PackIndex implements Iterable<PackIndex.MutableEntry> {
+public abstract class PackIndex
+		implements Iterable<PackIndex.MutableEntry>, ObjectIdSet {
 	/**
 	 * Open an existing pack <code>.idx</code> file for reading.
 	 * <p>
@@ -166,6 +168,11 @@ public abstract class PackIndex implements Iterable<PackIndex.MutableEntry> {
 		return findOffset(id) != -1;
 	}
 
+	@Override
+	public boolean contains(AnyObjectId id) {
+		return findOffset(id) != -1;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Provide iterator that gives access to index entries. Note, that iterator
 	 * returns reference to mutable object, the same reference in each call -
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectory.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectory.java
index 69f7e97071..2c8e5f9d11 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectory.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectory.java
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.InvalidObjectIdException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.LockFailedException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
@@ -715,16 +716,20 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 	 */
 	private Ref peeledPackedRef(Ref f)
 			throws MissingObjectException, IOException {
-		if (f.getStorage().isPacked() && f.isPeeled())
+		if (f.getStorage().isPacked() && f.isPeeled()) {
 			return f;
-		if (!f.isPeeled())
+		}
+		if (!f.isPeeled()) {
 			f = peel(f);
-		if (f.getPeeledObjectId() != null)
+		}
+		ObjectId peeledObjectId = f.getPeeledObjectId();
+		if (peeledObjectId != null) {
 			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(PACKED, f.getName(),
-					f.getObjectId(), f.getPeeledObjectId());
-		else
+					f.getObjectId(), peeledObjectId);
+		} else {
 			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(PACKED, f.getName(),
 					f.getObjectId());
+		}
 	}
 
 	void log(final RefUpdate update, final String msg, final boolean deref)
@@ -985,7 +990,7 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 		try {
 			id = ObjectId.fromString(buf, 0);
 			if (ref != null && !ref.isSymbolic()
-					&& ref.getTarget().getObjectId().equals(id)) {
+					&& id.equals(ref.getTarget().getObjectId())) {
 				assert(currentSnapshot != null);
 				currentSnapshot.setClean(otherSnapshot);
 				return ref;
@@ -1103,8 +1108,8 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 			implements LooseRef {
 		private final FileSnapshot snapShot;
 
-		LoosePeeledTag(FileSnapshot snapshot, String refName, ObjectId id,
-				ObjectId p) {
+		LoosePeeledTag(FileSnapshot snapshot, @NonNull String refName,
+				@NonNull ObjectId id, @NonNull ObjectId p) {
 			super(LOOSE, refName, id, p);
 			this.snapShot = snapshot;
 		}
@@ -1122,7 +1127,8 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 			implements LooseRef {
 		private final FileSnapshot snapShot;
 
-		LooseNonTag(FileSnapshot snapshot, String refName, ObjectId id) {
+		LooseNonTag(FileSnapshot snapshot, @NonNull String refName,
+				@NonNull ObjectId id) {
 			super(LOOSE, refName, id);
 			this.snapShot = snapshot;
 		}
@@ -1140,7 +1146,8 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 			implements LooseRef {
 		private FileSnapshot snapShot;
 
-		LooseUnpeeled(FileSnapshot snapShot, String refName, ObjectId id) {
+		LooseUnpeeled(FileSnapshot snapShot, @NonNull String refName,
+				@NonNull ObjectId id) {
 			super(LOOSE, refName, id);
 			this.snapShot = snapShot;
 		}
@@ -1149,13 +1156,24 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 			return snapShot;
 		}
 
+		@NonNull
+		@Override
+		public ObjectId getObjectId() {
+			ObjectId id = super.getObjectId();
+			assert id != null; // checked in constructor
+			return id;
+		}
+
 		public LooseRef peel(ObjectIdRef newLeaf) {
-			if (newLeaf.getPeeledObjectId() != null)
+			ObjectId peeledObjectId = newLeaf.getPeeledObjectId();
+			ObjectId objectId = getObjectId();
+			if (peeledObjectId != null) {
 				return new LoosePeeledTag(snapShot, getName(),
-						getObjectId(), newLeaf.getPeeledObjectId());
-			else
+						objectId, peeledObjectId);
+			} else {
 				return new LooseNonTag(snapShot, getName(),
-						getObjectId());
+						objectId);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1163,7 +1181,8 @@ public class RefDirectory extends RefDatabase {
 			LooseRef {
 		private final FileSnapshot snapShot;
 
-		LooseSymbolicRef(FileSnapshot snapshot, String refName, Ref target) {
+		LooseSymbolicRef(FileSnapshot snapshot, @NonNull String refName,
+				@NonNull Ref target) {
 			super(refName, target);
 			this.snapShot = snapshot;
 		}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectoryRename.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectoryRename.java
index ba4a63d7fe..4b803a5144 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectoryRename.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/file/RefDirectoryRename.java
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file;
 
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.file.AtomicMoveNotSupportedException;
+import java.nio.file.StandardCopyOption;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
@@ -54,6 +56,8 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate.Result;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.FileUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 /**
  * Rename any reference stored by {@link RefDirectory}.
@@ -66,6 +70,9 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.FileUtils;
  * directory that happens to match the source name.
  */
 class RefDirectoryRename extends RefRename {
+	private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory
+			.getLogger(RefDirectoryRename.class);
+
 	private final RefDirectory refdb;
 
 	/**
@@ -201,13 +208,25 @@ class RefDirectoryRename extends RefRename {
 	}
 
 	private static boolean rename(File src, File dst) {
-		if (src.renameTo(dst))
+		try {
+			FileUtils.rename(src, dst, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
 			return true;
+		} catch (AtomicMoveNotSupportedException e) {
+			LOG.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			// ignore
+		}
 
 		File dir = dst.getParentFile();
 		if ((dir.exists() || !dir.mkdirs()) && !dir.isDirectory())
 			return false;
-		return src.renameTo(dst);
+		try {
+			FileUtils.rename(src, dst, StandardCopyOption.ATOMIC_MOVE);
+			return true;
+		} catch (IOException e) {
+			LOG.error(e.getMessage(), e);
+			return false;
+		}
 	}
 
 	private boolean linkHEAD(RefUpdate target) {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/pack/PackWriter.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/pack/PackWriter.java
index 19b6b080da..525f9aecc7 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/pack/PackWriter.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/pack/PackWriter.java
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ import java.util.zip.CheckedOutputStream;
 import java.util.zip.Deflater;
 import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.LargeObjectException;
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdOwnerMap;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectLoader;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
@@ -161,17 +163,8 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.TemporaryBuffer;
 public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 	private static final int PACK_VERSION_GENERATED = 2;
 
-	/** A collection of object ids. */
-	public interface ObjectIdSet {
-		/**
-		 * Returns true if the objectId is contained within the collection.
-		 *
-		 * @param objectId
-		 *            the objectId to find
-		 * @return whether the collection contains the objectId.
-		 */
-		boolean contains(AnyObjectId objectId);
-	}
+	/** Empty set of objects for {@code preparePack()}. */
+	public static Set<ObjectId> NONE = Collections.emptySet();
 
 	private static final Map<WeakReference<PackWriter>, Boolean> instances =
 			new ConcurrentHashMap<WeakReference<PackWriter>, Boolean>();
@@ -681,7 +674,7 @@ public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 	 * @throws IOException
 	 *             when some I/O problem occur during reading objects.
 	 */
-	public void preparePack(final Iterator<RevObject> objectsSource)
+	public void preparePack(@NonNull Iterator<RevObject> objectsSource)
 			throws IOException {
 		while (objectsSource.hasNext()) {
 			addObject(objectsSource.next());
@@ -704,16 +697,18 @@ public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 	 *            progress during object enumeration.
 	 * @param want
 	 *            collection of objects to be marked as interesting (start
-	 *            points of graph traversal).
+	 *            points of graph traversal). Must not be {@code null}.
 	 * @param have
 	 *            collection of objects to be marked as uninteresting (end
-	 *            points of graph traversal).
+	 *            points of graph traversal). Pass {@link #NONE} if all objects
+	 *            reachable from {@code want} are desired, such as when serving
+	 *            a clone.
 	 * @throws IOException
 	 *             when some I/O problem occur during reading objects.
 	 */
 	public void preparePack(ProgressMonitor countingMonitor,
-			Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
-			Set<? extends ObjectId> have) throws IOException {
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> have) throws IOException {
 		ObjectWalk ow;
 		if (shallowPack)
 			ow = new DepthWalk.ObjectWalk(reader, depth);
@@ -740,17 +735,19 @@ public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 	 *            ObjectWalk to perform enumeration.
 	 * @param interestingObjects
 	 *            collection of objects to be marked as interesting (start
-	 *            points of graph traversal).
+	 *            points of graph traversal). Must not be {@code null}.
 	 * @param uninterestingObjects
 	 *            collection of objects to be marked as uninteresting (end
-	 *            points of graph traversal).
+	 *            points of graph traversal). Pass {@link #NONE} if all objects
+	 *            reachable from {@code want} are desired, such as when serving
+	 *            a clone.
 	 * @throws IOException
 	 *             when some I/O problem occur during reading objects.
 	 */
 	public void preparePack(ProgressMonitor countingMonitor,
-			ObjectWalk walk,
-			final Set<? extends ObjectId> interestingObjects,
-			final Set<? extends ObjectId> uninterestingObjects)
+			@NonNull ObjectWalk walk,
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> interestingObjects,
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> uninterestingObjects)
 			throws IOException {
 		if (countingMonitor == null)
 			countingMonitor = NullProgressMonitor.INSTANCE;
@@ -1551,6 +1548,8 @@ public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 			if (zbuf != null) {
 				out.writeHeader(otp, otp.getCachedSize());
 				out.write(zbuf);
+				typeStats.cntDeltas++;
+				typeStats.deltaBytes += out.length() - otp.getOffset();
 				return;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1606,17 +1605,12 @@ public class PackWriter implements AutoCloseable {
 		out.write(packcsum);
 	}
 
-	private void findObjectsToPack(final ProgressMonitor countingMonitor,
-			final ObjectWalk walker, final Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
-			Set<? extends ObjectId> have)
-			throws MissingObjectException, IOException,
-			IncorrectObjectTypeException {
+	private void findObjectsToPack(@NonNull ProgressMonitor countingMonitor,
+			@NonNull ObjectWalk walker, @NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> want,
+			@NonNull Set<? extends ObjectId> have) throws IOException {
 		final long countingStart = System.currentTimeMillis();
 		beginPhase(PackingPhase.COUNTING, countingMonitor, ProgressMonitor.UNKNOWN);
 
-		if (have == null)
-			have = Collections.emptySet();
-
 		stats.interestingObjects = Collections.unmodifiableSet(new HashSet<ObjectId>(want));
 		stats.uninterestingObjects = Collections.unmodifiableSet(new HashSet<ObjectId>(have));
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/AlwaysFailUpdate.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/AlwaysFailUpdate.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12ef8734c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/AlwaysFailUpdate.java
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+
+/** Update that always rejects with {@code LOCK_FAILURE}. */
+class AlwaysFailUpdate extends RefUpdate {
+	private final RefTreeDatabase refdb;
+
+	AlwaysFailUpdate(RefTreeDatabase refdb, String name) {
+		super(new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(Ref.Storage.NEW, name, null));
+		this.refdb = refdb;
+		setCheckConflicting(false);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected RefDatabase getRefDatabase() {
+		return refdb;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Repository getRepository() {
+		return refdb.getRepository();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean tryLock(boolean deref) throws IOException {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void unlock() {
+		// No locks are held here.
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doUpdate(Result desiredResult) {
+		return Result.LOCK_FAILURE;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doDelete(Result desiredResult) {
+		return Result.LOCK_FAILURE;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doLink(String target) {
+		return Result.LOCK_FAILURE;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Command.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Command.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd08375f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Command.java
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BLOB;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.encode;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_GITLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_SYMLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.NETWORK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEntry;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectInserter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevObject;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTag;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result;
+
+/**
+ * Command to create, update or delete an entry inside a {@link RefTree}.
+ * <p>
+ * Unlike {@link ReceiveCommand} (which can only update a reference to an
+ * {@link ObjectId}), a RefTree Command can also create, modify or delete
+ * symbolic references to a target reference.
+ * <p>
+ * RefTree Commands may wrap a {@code ReceiveCommand} to allow callers to
+ * process an existing ReceiveCommand against a RefTree.
+ * <p>
+ * Commands should be passed into {@link RefTree#apply(java.util.Collection)}
+ * for processing.
+ */
+public class Command {
+	/**
+	 * Set unprocessed commands as failed due to transaction aborted.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If a command is still {@link Result#NOT_ATTEMPTED} it will be set to
+	 * {@link Result#REJECTED_OTHER_REASON}. If {@code why} is non-null its
+	 * contents will be used as the message for the first command status.
+	 *
+	 * @param commands
+	 *            commands to mark as failed.
+	 * @param why
+	 *            optional message to set on the first aborted command.
+	 */
+	public static void abort(Iterable<Command> commands, @Nullable String why) {
+		if (why == null || why.isEmpty()) {
+			why = JGitText.get().transactionAborted;
+		}
+		for (Command c : commands) {
+			if (c.getResult() == NOT_ATTEMPTED) {
+				c.setResult(REJECTED_OTHER_REASON, why);
+				why = JGitText.get().transactionAborted;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private final Ref oldRef;
+	private final Ref newRef;
+	private final ReceiveCommand cmd;
+	private Result result;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a command to create, update or delete a reference.
+	 * <p>
+	 * At least one of {@code oldRef} or {@code newRef} must be supplied.
+	 *
+	 * @param oldRef
+	 *            expected value. Null if the ref should not exist.
+	 * @param newRef
+	 *            desired value, must be peeled if not null and not symbolic.
+	 *            Null to delete the ref.
+	 */
+	public Command(@Nullable Ref oldRef, @Nullable Ref newRef) {
+		this.oldRef = oldRef;
+		this.newRef = newRef;
+		this.cmd = null;
+		this.result = NOT_ATTEMPTED;
+
+		if (oldRef == null && newRef == null) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+		if (newRef != null && !newRef.isPeeled() && !newRef.isSymbolic()) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+		if (oldRef != null && newRef != null
+				&& !oldRef.getName().equals(newRef.getName())) {
+			throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Construct a RefTree command wrapped around a ReceiveCommand.
+	 *
+	 * @param rw
+	 *            walk instance to peel the {@code newId}.
+	 * @param cmd
+	 *            command received from a push client.
+	 * @throws MissingObjectException
+	 *             {@code oldId} or {@code newId} is missing.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             {@code oldId} or {@code newId} cannot be peeled.
+	 */
+	public Command(RevWalk rw, ReceiveCommand cmd)
+			throws MissingObjectException, IOException {
+		this.oldRef = toRef(rw, cmd.getOldId(), cmd.getRefName(), false);
+		this.newRef = toRef(rw, cmd.getNewId(), cmd.getRefName(), true);
+		this.cmd = cmd;
+	}
+
+	static Ref toRef(RevWalk rw, ObjectId id, String name,
+			boolean mustExist) throws MissingObjectException, IOException {
+		if (ObjectId.zeroId().equals(id)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		try {
+			RevObject o = rw.parseAny(id);
+			if (o instanceof RevTag) {
+				RevObject p = rw.peel(o);
+				return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(NETWORK, name, id, p.copy());
+			}
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(NETWORK, name, id);
+		} catch (MissingObjectException e) {
+			if (mustExist) {
+				throw e;
+			}
+			return new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(NETWORK, name, id);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** @return name of the reference affected by this command. */
+	public String getRefName() {
+		if (cmd != null) {
+			return cmd.getRefName();
+		} else if (newRef != null) {
+			return newRef.getName();
+		}
+		return oldRef.getName();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set the result of this command.
+	 *
+	 * @param result
+	 *            the command result.
+	 */
+	public void setResult(Result result) {
+		setResult(result, null);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Set the result of this command.
+	 *
+	 * @param result
+	 *            the command result.
+	 * @param why
+	 *            optional message explaining the result status.
+	 */
+	public void setResult(Result result, @Nullable String why) {
+		if (cmd != null) {
+			cmd.setResult(result, why);
+		} else {
+			this.result = result;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** @return result of executing this command. */
+	public Result getResult() {
+		return cmd != null ? cmd.getResult() : result;
+	}
+
+	/** @return optional message explaining command failure. */
+	@Nullable
+	public String getMessage() {
+		return cmd != null ? cmd.getMessage() : null;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Old peeled reference.
+	 *
+	 * @return the old reference; null if the command is creating the reference.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public Ref getOldRef() {
+		return oldRef;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * New peeled reference.
+	 *
+	 * @return the new reference; null if the command is deleting the reference.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public Ref getNewRef() {
+		return newRef;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public String toString() {
+		StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
+		append(s, oldRef, "CREATE"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		s.append(' ');
+		append(s, newRef, "DELETE"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		s.append(' ').append(getRefName());
+		s.append(' ').append(getResult());
+		if (getMessage() != null) {
+			s.append(' ').append(getMessage());
+		}
+		return s.toString();
+	}
+
+	private static void append(StringBuilder s, Ref r, String nullName) {
+		if (r == null) {
+			s.append(nullName);
+		} else if (r.isSymbolic()) {
+			s.append(r.getTarget().getName());
+		} else {
+			ObjectId id = r.getObjectId();
+			if (id != null) {
+				s.append(id.name());
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check the entry is consistent with either the old or the new ref.
+	 *
+	 * @param entry
+	 *            current entry; null if the entry does not exist.
+	 * @return true if entry matches {@link #getOldRef()} or
+	 *         {@link #getNewRef()}; otherwise false.
+	 */
+	boolean checkRef(@Nullable DirCacheEntry entry) {
+		if (entry != null && entry.getRawMode() == 0) {
+			entry = null;
+		}
+		return check(entry, oldRef) || check(entry, newRef);
+	}
+
+	private static boolean check(@Nullable DirCacheEntry cur,
+			@Nullable Ref exp) {
+		if (cur == null) {
+			// Does not exist, ok if oldRef does not exist.
+			return exp == null;
+		} else if (exp == null) {
+			// Expected to not exist, but currently exists, fail.
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		if (exp.isSymbolic()) {
+			String dst = exp.getTarget().getName();
+			return cur.getRawMode() == TYPE_SYMLINK
+					&& cur.getObjectId().equals(symref(dst));
+		}
+
+		return cur.getRawMode() == TYPE_GITLINK
+				&& cur.getObjectId().equals(exp.getObjectId());
+	}
+
+	static ObjectId symref(String s) {
+		@SuppressWarnings("resource")
+		ObjectInserter.Formatter fmt = new ObjectInserter.Formatter();
+		return fmt.idFor(OBJ_BLOB, encode(s));
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTree.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTree.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85690c8ca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTree.java
@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.HEAD;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BLOB;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.R_REFS;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.encode;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.GITLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.SYMLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_GITLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_SYMLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.NEW;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.PACKED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase.MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.LOCK_FAILURE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCache;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheBuilder;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEditor;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEditor.DeletePath;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEditor.PathEdit;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheEntry;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.DirCacheNameConflictException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectInserter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
+
+/**
+ * Tree of references in the reference graph.
+ * <p>
+ * The root corresponds to the {@code "refs/"} subdirectory, for example the
+ * default reference {@code "refs/heads/master"} is stored at path
+ * {@code "heads/master"} in a {@code RefTree}.
+ * <p>
+ * Normal references are stored as {@link FileMode#GITLINK} tree entries. The
+ * ObjectId in the tree entry is the ObjectId the reference refers to.
+ * <p>
+ * Symbolic references are stored as {@link FileMode#SYMLINK} entries, with the
+ * blob storing the name of the target reference.
+ * <p>
+ * Annotated tags also store the peeled object using a {@code GITLINK} entry
+ * with the suffix <code>" ^"</code> (space carrot), for example
+ * {@code "tags/v1.0"} stores the annotated tag object, while
+ * <code>"tags/v1.0 ^"</code> stores the commit the tag annotates.
+ * <p>
+ * {@code HEAD} is a special case and stored as {@code "..HEAD"}.
+ */
+public class RefTree {
+	/** Suffix applied to GITLINK to indicate its the peeled value of a tag. */
+	public static final String PEELED_SUFFIX = " ^"; //$NON-NLS-1$
+	static final String ROOT_DOTDOT = ".."; //$NON-NLS-1$
+
+	/**
+	 * Create an empty reference tree.
+	 *
+	 * @return a new empty reference tree.
+	 */
+	public static RefTree newEmptyTree() {
+		return new RefTree(DirCache.newInCore());
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Load a reference tree.
+	 *
+	 * @param reader
+	 *            reader to scan the reference tree with.
+	 * @param tree
+	 *            the tree to read.
+	 * @return the ref tree read from the commit.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             the repository cannot be accessed through the reader.
+	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
+	 *             a tree object is corrupt and cannot be read.
+	 * @throws IncorrectObjectTypeException
+	 *             a tree object wasn't actually a tree.
+	 * @throws MissingObjectException
+	 *             a reference tree object doesn't exist.
+	 */
+	public static RefTree read(ObjectReader reader, RevTree tree)
+			throws MissingObjectException, IncorrectObjectTypeException,
+			CorruptObjectException, IOException {
+		return new RefTree(DirCache.read(reader, tree));
+	}
+
+	private DirCache contents;
+	private Map<ObjectId, String> pendingBlobs;
+
+	private RefTree(DirCache dc) {
+		this.contents = dc;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Read one reference.
+	 * <p>
+	 * References are always returned peeled ({@link Ref#isPeeled()} is true).
+	 * If the reference points to an annotated tag, the returned reference will
+	 * be peeled and contain {@link Ref#getPeeledObjectId()}.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the reference is a symbolic reference and the chain depth is less than
+	 * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase#MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH} the
+	 * returned reference is resolved. If the chain depth is longer, the
+	 * symbolic reference is returned without resolving.
+	 *
+	 * @param reader
+	 *            to access objects necessary to read the requested reference.
+	 * @param name
+	 *            name of the reference to read.
+	 * @return the reference; null if it does not exist.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             cannot read a symbolic reference target.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public Ref exactRef(ObjectReader reader, String name) throws IOException {
+		Ref r = readRef(reader, name);
+		if (r == null) {
+			return null;
+		} else if (r.isSymbolic()) {
+			return resolve(reader, r, 0);
+		}
+
+		DirCacheEntry p = contents.getEntry(peeledPath(name));
+		if (p != null && p.getRawMode() == TYPE_GITLINK) {
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(PACKED, r.getName(),
+					r.getObjectId(), p.getObjectId());
+		}
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	private Ref readRef(ObjectReader reader, String name) throws IOException {
+		DirCacheEntry e = contents.getEntry(refPath(name));
+		return e != null ? toRef(reader, e, name) : null;
+	}
+
+	private Ref toRef(ObjectReader reader, DirCacheEntry e, String name)
+			throws IOException {
+		int mode = e.getRawMode();
+		if (mode == TYPE_GITLINK) {
+			ObjectId id = e.getObjectId();
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(PACKED, name, id);
+		}
+
+		if (mode == TYPE_SYMLINK) {
+			ObjectId id = e.getObjectId();
+			String n = pendingBlobs != null ? pendingBlobs.get(id) : null;
+			if (n == null) {
+				byte[] bin = reader.open(id, OBJ_BLOB).getCachedBytes();
+				n = RawParseUtils.decode(bin);
+			}
+			Ref dst = new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(NEW, n, null);
+			return new SymbolicRef(name, dst);
+		}
+
+		return null; // garbage file or something; not a reference.
+	}
+
+	private Ref resolve(ObjectReader reader, Ref ref, int depth)
+			throws IOException {
+		if (ref.isSymbolic() && depth < MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH) {
+			Ref r = readRef(reader, ref.getTarget().getName());
+			if (r == null) {
+				return ref;
+			}
+			Ref dst = resolve(reader, r, depth + 1);
+			return new SymbolicRef(ref.getName(), dst);
+		}
+		return ref;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Attempt a batch of commands against this RefTree.
+	 * <p>
+	 * The batch is applied atomically, either all commands apply at once, or
+	 * they all reject and the RefTree is left unmodified.
+	 * <p>
+	 * On success (when this method returns {@code true}) the command results
+	 * are left as-is (probably {@code NOT_ATTEMPTED}). Result fields are set
+	 * only when this method returns {@code false} to indicate failure.
+	 *
+	 * @param cmdList
+	 *            to apply. All commands should still have result NOT_ATTEMPTED.
+	 * @return true if the commands applied; false if they were rejected.
+	 */
+	public boolean apply(Collection<Command> cmdList) {
+		try {
+			DirCacheEditor ed = contents.editor();
+			for (Command cmd : cmdList) {
+				if (!isValidRef(cmd)) {
+					cmd.setResult(REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
+							JGitText.get().funnyRefname);
+					Command.abort(cmdList, null);
+					return false;
+				}
+				apply(ed, cmd);
+			}
+			ed.finish();
+			return true;
+		} catch (DirCacheNameConflictException e) {
+			String r1 = refName(e.getPath1());
+			String r2 = refName(e.getPath2());
+			for (Command cmd : cmdList) {
+				if (r1.equals(cmd.getRefName())
+						|| r2.equals(cmd.getRefName())) {
+					cmd.setResult(LOCK_FAILURE);
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+			Command.abort(cmdList, null);
+			return false;
+		} catch (LockFailureException e) {
+			Command.abort(cmdList, null);
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static boolean isValidRef(Command cmd) {
+		String n = cmd.getRefName();
+		return HEAD.equals(n) || Repository.isValidRefName(n);
+	}
+
+	private void apply(DirCacheEditor ed, final Command cmd) {
+		String path = refPath(cmd.getRefName());
+		Ref oldRef = cmd.getOldRef();
+		final Ref newRef = cmd.getNewRef();
+
+		if (newRef == null) {
+			checkRef(contents.getEntry(path), cmd);
+			ed.add(new DeletePath(path));
+			cleanupPeeledRef(ed, oldRef);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (newRef.isSymbolic()) {
+			final String dst = newRef.getTarget().getName();
+			ed.add(new PathEdit(path) {
+				@Override
+				public void apply(DirCacheEntry ent) {
+					checkRef(ent, cmd);
+					ObjectId id = Command.symref(dst);
+					ent.setFileMode(SYMLINK);
+					ent.setObjectId(id);
+					if (pendingBlobs == null) {
+						pendingBlobs = new HashMap<>(4);
+					}
+					pendingBlobs.put(id, dst);
+				}
+			}.setReplace(false));
+			cleanupPeeledRef(ed, oldRef);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		ed.add(new PathEdit(path) {
+			@Override
+			public void apply(DirCacheEntry ent) {
+				checkRef(ent, cmd);
+				ent.setFileMode(GITLINK);
+				ent.setObjectId(newRef.getObjectId());
+			}
+		}.setReplace(false));
+
+		if (newRef.getPeeledObjectId() != null) {
+			ed.add(new PathEdit(peeledPath(newRef.getName())) {
+				@Override
+				public void apply(DirCacheEntry ent) {
+					ent.setFileMode(GITLINK);
+					ent.setObjectId(newRef.getPeeledObjectId());
+				}
+			}.setReplace(false));
+		} else {
+			cleanupPeeledRef(ed, oldRef);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void checkRef(@Nullable DirCacheEntry ent, Command cmd) {
+		if (!cmd.checkRef(ent)) {
+			cmd.setResult(LOCK_FAILURE);
+			throw new LockFailureException();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static void cleanupPeeledRef(DirCacheEditor ed, Ref ref) {
+		if (ref != null && !ref.isSymbolic()
+				&& (!ref.isPeeled() || ref.getPeeledObjectId() != null)) {
+			ed.add(new DeletePath(peeledPath(ref.getName())));
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Convert a path name in a RefTree to the reference name known by Git.
+	 *
+	 * @param path
+	 *            name read from the RefTree structure, for example
+	 *            {@code "heads/master"}.
+	 * @return reference name for the path, {@code "refs/heads/master"}.
+	 */
+	public static String refName(String path) {
+		if (path.startsWith(ROOT_DOTDOT)) {
+			return path.substring(2);
+		}
+		return R_REFS + path;
+	}
+
+	static String refPath(String name) {
+		if (name.startsWith(R_REFS)) {
+			return name.substring(R_REFS.length());
+		}
+		return ROOT_DOTDOT + name;
+	}
+
+	private static String peeledPath(String name) {
+		return refPath(name) + PEELED_SUFFIX;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Write this reference tree.
+	 *
+	 * @param inserter
+	 *            inserter to use when writing trees to the object database.
+	 *            Caller is responsible for flushing the inserter before trying
+	 *            to read the objects, or exposing them through a reference.
+	 * @return the top level tree.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             a tree could not be written.
+	 */
+	public ObjectId writeTree(ObjectInserter inserter) throws IOException {
+		if (pendingBlobs != null) {
+			for (String s : pendingBlobs.values()) {
+				inserter.insert(OBJ_BLOB, encode(s));
+			}
+			pendingBlobs = null;
+		}
+		return contents.writeTree(inserter);
+	}
+
+	/** @return a deep copy of this RefTree. */
+	public RefTree copy() {
+		RefTree r = new RefTree(DirCache.newInCore());
+		DirCacheBuilder b = r.contents.builder();
+		for (int i = 0; i < contents.getEntryCount(); i++) {
+			b.add(new DirCacheEntry(contents.getEntry(i)));
+		}
+		b.finish();
+		if (pendingBlobs != null) {
+			r.pendingBlobs = new HashMap<>(pendingBlobs);
+		}
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	private static class LockFailureException extends RuntimeException {
+		private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeBatch.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeBatch.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a55a9f51e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeBatch.java
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_TREE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.OK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_NONFASTFORWARD;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Type.UPDATE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Type.UPDATE_NONFASTFORWARD;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.BatchRefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.CommitBuilder;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.NullProgressMonitor;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectInserter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.PersonIdent;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ProgressMonitor;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevCommit;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand;
+
+/** Batch update a {@link RefTreeDatabase}. */
+class RefTreeBatch extends BatchRefUpdate {
+	private final RefTreeDatabase refdb;
+	private Ref src;
+	private ObjectId parentCommitId;
+	private ObjectId parentTreeId;
+	private RefTree tree;
+	private PersonIdent author;
+	private ObjectId newCommitId;
+
+	RefTreeBatch(RefTreeDatabase refdb) {
+		super(refdb);
+		this.refdb = refdb;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void execute(RevWalk rw, ProgressMonitor monitor)
+			throws IOException {
+		List<Command> todo = new ArrayList<>(getCommands().size());
+		for (ReceiveCommand c : getCommands()) {
+			if (!isAllowNonFastForwards()) {
+				if (c.getType() == UPDATE) {
+					c.updateType(rw);
+				}
+				if (c.getType() == UPDATE_NONFASTFORWARD) {
+					c.setResult(REJECTED_NONFASTFORWARD);
+					ReceiveCommand.abort(getCommands());
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+			todo.add(new Command(rw, c));
+		}
+		init(rw);
+		execute(rw, todo);
+	}
+
+	void init(RevWalk rw) throws IOException {
+		src = refdb.getBootstrap().exactRef(refdb.getTxnCommitted());
+		if (src != null && src.getObjectId() != null) {
+			RevCommit c = rw.parseCommit(src.getObjectId());
+			parentCommitId = c;
+			parentTreeId = c.getTree();
+			tree = RefTree.read(rw.getObjectReader(), c.getTree());
+		} else {
+			parentCommitId = ObjectId.zeroId();
+			parentTreeId = new ObjectInserter.Formatter()
+					.idFor(OBJ_TREE, new byte[] {});
+			tree = RefTree.newEmptyTree();
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Nullable
+	Ref exactRef(ObjectReader reader, String name) throws IOException {
+		return tree.exactRef(reader, name);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Execute an update from {@link RefTreeUpdate} or {@link RefTreeRename}.
+	 *
+	 * @param rw
+	 *            current RevWalk handling the update or rename.
+	 * @param todo
+	 *            commands to execute. Must never be a bootstrap reference name.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             the storage system is unable to read or write data.
+	 */
+	void execute(RevWalk rw, List<Command> todo) throws IOException {
+		for (Command c : todo) {
+			if (c.getResult() != NOT_ATTEMPTED) {
+				Command.abort(todo, null);
+				return;
+			}
+			if (refdb.conflictsWithBootstrap(c.getRefName())) {
+				c.setResult(REJECTED_OTHER_REASON, MessageFormat
+						.format(JGitText.get().invalidRefName, c.getRefName()));
+				Command.abort(todo, null);
+				return;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (apply(todo) && newCommitId != null) {
+			commit(rw, todo);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private boolean apply(List<Command> todo) throws IOException {
+		if (!tree.apply(todo)) {
+			// apply set rejection information on commands.
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		Repository repo = refdb.getRepository();
+		try (ObjectInserter ins = repo.newObjectInserter()) {
+			CommitBuilder b = new CommitBuilder();
+			b.setTreeId(tree.writeTree(ins));
+			if (parentTreeId.equals(b.getTreeId())) {
+				for (Command c : todo) {
+					c.setResult(OK);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+			if (!parentCommitId.equals(ObjectId.zeroId())) {
+				b.setParentId(parentCommitId);
+			}
+
+			author = getRefLogIdent();
+			if (author == null) {
+				author = new PersonIdent(repo);
+			}
+			b.setAuthor(author);
+			b.setCommitter(author);
+			b.setMessage(getRefLogMessage());
+			newCommitId = ins.insert(b);
+			ins.flush();
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	private void commit(RevWalk rw, List<Command> todo) throws IOException {
+		ReceiveCommand commit = new ReceiveCommand(
+				parentCommitId, newCommitId,
+				refdb.getTxnCommitted());
+		updateBootstrap(rw, commit);
+
+		if (commit.getResult() == OK) {
+			for (Command c : todo) {
+				c.setResult(OK);
+			}
+		} else {
+			Command.abort(todo, commit.getResult().name());
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void updateBootstrap(RevWalk rw, ReceiveCommand commit)
+			throws IOException {
+		BatchRefUpdate u = refdb.getBootstrap().newBatchUpdate();
+		u.setAllowNonFastForwards(true);
+		u.setPushCertificate(getPushCertificate());
+		if (isRefLogDisabled()) {
+			u.disableRefLog();
+		} else {
+			u.setRefLogIdent(author);
+			u.setRefLogMessage(getRefLogMessage(), false);
+		}
+		u.addCommand(commit);
+		u.execute(rw, NullProgressMonitor.INSTANCE);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeDatabase.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeDatabase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc60311102
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeDatabase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.LOOSE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.PACKED;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.BatchRefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefRename;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevObject;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTag;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RefList;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RefMap;
+
+/**
+ * Reference database backed by a {@link RefTree}.
+ * <p>
+ * The storage for RefTreeDatabase has two parts. The main part is a native Git
+ * tree object stored under the {@code refs/txn} namespace. To avoid cycles,
+ * references to {@code refs/txn} are not stored in that tree object, but
+ * instead in a "bootstrap" layer, which is a separate {@link RefDatabase} such
+ * as {@link org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.RefDirectory} using local
+ * reference files inside of {@code $GIT_DIR/refs}.
+ */
+public class RefTreeDatabase extends RefDatabase {
+	private final Repository repo;
+	private final RefDatabase bootstrap;
+	private final String txnCommitted;
+
+	@Nullable
+	private final String txnNamespace;
+	private volatile Scanner.Result refs;
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a RefTreeDb for a repository.
+	 *
+	 * @param repo
+	 *            the repository using references in this database.
+	 * @param bootstrap
+	 *            bootstrap reference database storing the references that
+	 *            anchor the {@link RefTree}.
+	 */
+	public RefTreeDatabase(Repository repo, RefDatabase bootstrap) {
+		Config cfg = repo.getConfig();
+		String committed = cfg.getString("reftree", null, "committedRef"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		if (committed == null || committed.isEmpty()) {
+			committed = "refs/txn/committed"; //$NON-NLS-1$
+		}
+
+		this.repo = repo;
+		this.bootstrap = bootstrap;
+		this.txnNamespace = initNamespace(committed);
+		this.txnCommitted = committed;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Create a RefTreeDb for a repository.
+	 *
+	 * @param repo
+	 *            the repository using references in this database.
+	 * @param bootstrap
+	 *            bootstrap reference database storing the references that
+	 *            anchor the {@link RefTree}.
+	 * @param txnCommitted
+	 *            name of the bootstrap reference holding the committed RefTree.
+	 */
+	public RefTreeDatabase(Repository repo, RefDatabase bootstrap,
+			String txnCommitted) {
+		this.repo = repo;
+		this.bootstrap = bootstrap;
+		this.txnNamespace = initNamespace(txnCommitted);
+		this.txnCommitted = txnCommitted;
+	}
+
+	private static String initNamespace(String committed) {
+		int s = committed.lastIndexOf('/');
+		if (s < 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return committed.substring(0, s + 1); // Keep trailing '/'.
+	}
+
+	Repository getRepository() {
+		return repo;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return the bootstrap reference database, which must be used to access
+	 *         {@link #getTxnCommitted()}, {@link #getTxnNamespace()}.
+	 */
+	public RefDatabase getBootstrap() {
+		return bootstrap;
+	}
+
+	/** @return name of bootstrap reference anchoring committed RefTree. */
+	public String getTxnCommitted() {
+		return txnCommitted;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return namespace used by bootstrap layer, e.g. {@code refs/txn/}.
+	 *         Always ends in {@code '/'}.
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public String getTxnNamespace() {
+		return txnNamespace;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void create() throws IOException {
+		bootstrap.create();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean performsAtomicTransactions() {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void refresh() {
+		bootstrap.refresh();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public void close() {
+		refs = null;
+		bootstrap.close();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Ref getRef(String name) throws IOException {
+		return findRef(getRefs(ALL), name);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Ref exactRef(String name) throws IOException {
+		if (conflictsWithBootstrap(name)) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		boolean partial = false;
+		Ref src = bootstrap.exactRef(txnCommitted);
+		Scanner.Result c = refs;
+		if (c == null || !c.refTreeId.equals(idOf(src))) {
+			c = Scanner.scanRefTree(repo, src, prefixOf(name), false);
+			partial = true;
+		}
+
+		Ref r = c.all.get(name);
+		if (r != null && r.isSymbolic()) {
+			r = c.sym.get(name);
+			if (partial && r.getObjectId() == null) {
+				// Attempting exactRef("HEAD") with partial scan will leave
+				// an unresolved symref as its target e.g. refs/heads/master
+				// was not read by the partial scan. Scan everything instead.
+				return getRefs(ALL).get(name);
+			}
+		}
+		return r;
+	}
+
+	private static String prefixOf(String name) {
+		int s = name.lastIndexOf('/');
+		if (s >= 0) {
+			return name.substring(0, s);
+		}
+		return ""; //$NON-NLS-1$
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Map<String, Ref> getRefs(String prefix) throws IOException {
+		if (!prefix.isEmpty() && prefix.charAt(prefix.length() - 1) != '/') {
+			return new HashMap<>(0);
+		}
+
+		Ref src = bootstrap.exactRef(txnCommitted);
+		Scanner.Result c = refs;
+		if (c == null || !c.refTreeId.equals(idOf(src))) {
+			c = Scanner.scanRefTree(repo, src, prefix, true);
+			if (prefix.isEmpty()) {
+				refs = c;
+			}
+		}
+		return new RefMap(prefix, RefList.<Ref> emptyList(), c.all, c.sym);
+	}
+
+	private static ObjectId idOf(@Nullable Ref src) {
+		return src != null && src.getObjectId() != null
+				? src.getObjectId()
+				: ObjectId.zeroId();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public List<Ref> getAdditionalRefs() throws IOException {
+		return Collections.emptyList();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public Ref peel(Ref ref) throws IOException {
+		Ref i = ref.getLeaf();
+		ObjectId id = i.getObjectId();
+		if (i.isPeeled() || id == null) {
+			return ref;
+		}
+		try (RevWalk rw = new RevWalk(repo)) {
+			RevObject obj = rw.parseAny(id);
+			if (obj instanceof RevTag) {
+				ObjectId p = rw.peel(obj).copy();
+				i = new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(PACKED, i.getName(), id, p);
+			} else {
+				i = new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(PACKED, i.getName(), id);
+			}
+		}
+		return recreate(ref, i);
+	}
+
+	private static Ref recreate(Ref old, Ref leaf) {
+		if (old.isSymbolic()) {
+			Ref dst = recreate(old.getTarget(), leaf);
+			return new SymbolicRef(old.getName(), dst);
+		}
+		return leaf;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public boolean isNameConflicting(String name) throws IOException {
+		return conflictsWithBootstrap(name)
+				|| !getConflictingNames(name).isEmpty();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public BatchRefUpdate newBatchUpdate() {
+		return new RefTreeBatch(this);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public RefUpdate newUpdate(String name, boolean detach) throws IOException {
+		if (conflictsWithBootstrap(name)) {
+			return new AlwaysFailUpdate(this, name);
+		}
+
+		Ref r = exactRef(name);
+		if (r == null) {
+			r = new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(Storage.NEW, name, null);
+		}
+
+		boolean detaching = detach && r.isSymbolic();
+		if (detaching) {
+			r = new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(LOOSE, name, r.getObjectId());
+		}
+
+		RefTreeUpdate u = new RefTreeUpdate(this, r);
+		if (detaching) {
+			u.setDetachingSymbolicRef();
+		}
+		return u;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	public RefRename newRename(String fromName, String toName)
+			throws IOException {
+		RefUpdate from = newUpdate(fromName, true);
+		RefUpdate to = newUpdate(toName, true);
+		return new RefTreeRename(this, from, to);
+	}
+
+	boolean conflictsWithBootstrap(String name) {
+		if (txnNamespace != null && name.startsWith(txnNamespace)) {
+			return true;
+		} else if (txnCommitted.equals(name)) {
+			return true;
+		} else if (name.length() > txnCommitted.length()
+				&& name.charAt(txnCommitted.length()) == '/'
+				&& name.startsWith(txnCommitted)) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeNames.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeNames.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..239a745277
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeNames.java
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase.ALL;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
+
+/** Magic reference name logic for RefTrees. */
+public class RefTreeNames {
+	/**
+	 * Suffix used on a {@link RefTreeDatabase#getTxnNamespace()} for user data.
+	 * <p>
+	 * A {@link RefTreeDatabase}'s namespace may include a subspace (e.g.
+	 * {@code "refs/txn/stage/"}) containing commit objects from the usual user
+	 * portion of the repository (e.g. {@code "refs/heads/"}). These should be
+	 * packed by the garbage collector alongside other user content rather than
+	 * with the RefTree.
+	 */
+	private static final String STAGE = "stage/"; //$NON-NLS-1$
+
+	/**
+	 * Determine if the reference is likely to be a RefTree.
+	 *
+	 * @param refdb
+	 *            database instance.
+	 * @param ref
+	 *            reference name.
+	 * @return {@code true} if the reference is a RefTree.
+	 */
+	public static boolean isRefTree(RefDatabase refdb, String ref) {
+		if (refdb instanceof RefTreeDatabase) {
+			RefTreeDatabase b = (RefTreeDatabase) refdb;
+			if (ref.equals(b.getTxnCommitted())) {
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			String namespace = b.getTxnNamespace();
+			if (namespace != null
+					&& ref.startsWith(namespace)
+					&& !ref.startsWith(namespace + STAGE)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Snapshot all references from a RefTreeDatabase and its bootstrap.
+	 * <p>
+	 * There may be name conflicts with multiple {@link Ref} objects containing
+	 * the same name in the returned collection.
+	 *
+	 * @param refdb
+	 *            database instance.
+	 * @return all known references.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             references cannot be enumerated.
+	 */
+	public static Collection<Ref> allRefs(RefDatabase refdb)
+			throws IOException {
+		Collection<Ref> refs = refdb.getRefs(ALL).values();
+		if (!(refdb instanceof RefTreeDatabase)) {
+			return refs;
+		}
+
+		RefDatabase bootstrap = ((RefTreeDatabase) refdb).getBootstrap();
+		Collection<Ref> br = bootstrap.getRefs(ALL).values();
+		List<Ref> all = new ArrayList<>(refs.size() + br.size());
+		all.addAll(refs);
+		all.addAll(br);
+		return all;
+	}
+
+	private RefTreeNames() {
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeRename.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeRename.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5fd7ecdd79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeRename.java
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.HEAD;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate.Result.REJECTED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate.Result.RENAMED;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefRename;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate.Result;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+
+/** Single reference rename to {@link RefTreeDatabase}. */
+class RefTreeRename extends RefRename {
+	private final RefTreeDatabase refdb;
+
+	RefTreeRename(RefTreeDatabase refdb, RefUpdate src, RefUpdate dst) {
+		super(src, dst);
+		this.refdb = refdb;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doRename() throws IOException {
+		try (RevWalk rw = new RevWalk(refdb.getRepository())) {
+			RefTreeBatch batch = new RefTreeBatch(refdb);
+			batch.setRefLogIdent(getRefLogIdent());
+			batch.setRefLogMessage(getRefLogMessage(), false);
+			batch.init(rw);
+
+			Ref head = batch.exactRef(rw.getObjectReader(), HEAD);
+			Ref oldRef = batch.exactRef(rw.getObjectReader(), source.getName());
+			if (oldRef == null) {
+				return REJECTED;
+			}
+
+			Ref newRef = asNew(oldRef);
+			List<Command> mv = new ArrayList<>(3);
+			mv.add(new Command(oldRef, null));
+			mv.add(new Command(null, newRef));
+			if (head != null && head.isSymbolic()
+					&& head.getTarget().getName().equals(oldRef.getName())) {
+				mv.add(new Command(
+					head,
+					new SymbolicRef(head.getName(), newRef)));
+			}
+			batch.execute(rw, mv);
+			return RefTreeUpdate.translate(mv.get(1).getResult(), RENAMED);
+		}
+	}
+
+	private Ref asNew(Ref src) {
+		String name = destination.getName();
+		if (src.isSymbolic()) {
+			return new SymbolicRef(name, src.getTarget());
+		}
+
+		ObjectId peeled = src.getPeeledObjectId();
+		if (peeled != null) {
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(
+					src.getStorage(),
+					name,
+					src.getObjectId(),
+					peeled);
+		}
+
+		return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(
+				src.getStorage(),
+				name,
+				src.getObjectId());
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeUpdate.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeUpdate.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8829c1156a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/RefTreeUpdate.java
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.LOOSE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.NEW;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.Collections;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefUpdate;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevObject;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTag;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand;
+
+/** Single reference update to {@link RefTreeDatabase}. */
+class RefTreeUpdate extends RefUpdate {
+	private final RefTreeDatabase refdb;
+	private RevWalk rw;
+	private RefTreeBatch batch;
+	private Ref oldRef;
+
+	RefTreeUpdate(RefTreeDatabase refdb, Ref ref) {
+		super(ref);
+		this.refdb = refdb;
+		setCheckConflicting(false); // Done automatically by doUpdate.
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected RefDatabase getRefDatabase() {
+		return refdb;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Repository getRepository() {
+		return refdb.getRepository();
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean tryLock(boolean deref) throws IOException {
+		rw = new RevWalk(getRepository());
+		batch = new RefTreeBatch(refdb);
+		batch.init(rw);
+		oldRef = batch.exactRef(rw.getObjectReader(), getName());
+		if (oldRef != null && oldRef.getObjectId() != null) {
+			setOldObjectId(oldRef.getObjectId());
+		} else if (oldRef == null && getExpectedOldObjectId() != null) {
+			setOldObjectId(ObjectId.zeroId());
+		}
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected void unlock() {
+		batch = null;
+		if (rw != null) {
+			rw.close();
+			rw = null;
+		}
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doUpdate(Result desiredResult) throws IOException {
+		return run(newRef(getName(), getNewObjectId()), desiredResult);
+	}
+
+	private Ref newRef(String name, ObjectId id)
+			throws MissingObjectException, IOException {
+		RevObject o = rw.parseAny(id);
+		if (o instanceof RevTag) {
+			RevObject p = rw.peel(o);
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(LOOSE, name, id, p.copy());
+		}
+		return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(LOOSE, name, id);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doDelete(Result desiredResult) throws IOException {
+		return run(null, desiredResult);
+	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected Result doLink(String target) throws IOException {
+		Ref dst = new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(NEW, target, null);
+		SymbolicRef n = new SymbolicRef(getName(), dst);
+		Result desiredResult = getRef().getStorage() == NEW
+			? Result.NEW
+			: Result.FORCED;
+		return run(n, desiredResult);
+	}
+
+	private Result run(@Nullable Ref newRef, Result desiredResult)
+			throws IOException {
+		Command c = new Command(oldRef, newRef);
+		batch.setRefLogIdent(getRefLogIdent());
+		batch.setRefLogMessage(getRefLogMessage(), isRefLogIncludingResult());
+		batch.execute(rw, Collections.singletonList(c));
+		return translate(c.getResult(), desiredResult);
+	}
+
+	static Result translate(ReceiveCommand.Result r, Result desiredResult) {
+		switch (r) {
+		case OK:
+			return desiredResult;
+
+		case LOCK_FAILURE:
+			return Result.LOCK_FAILURE;
+
+		case NOT_ATTEMPTED:
+			return Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED;
+
+		case REJECTED_MISSING_OBJECT:
+			return Result.IO_FAILURE;
+
+		case REJECTED_CURRENT_BRANCH:
+			return Result.REJECTED_CURRENT_BRANCH;
+
+		case REJECTED_OTHER_REASON:
+		case REJECTED_NOCREATE:
+		case REJECTED_NODELETE:
+		case REJECTED_NONFASTFORWARD:
+		default:
+			return Result.REJECTED;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Scanner.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Scanner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d383abf316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/internal/storage/reftree/Scanner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.reftree;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.RefDatabase.MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BLOB;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.R_REFS;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.encode;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_GITLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_SYMLINK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_TREE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.NEW;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref.Storage.PACKED;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.SymbolicRef;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.AbstractTreeIterator;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.CanonicalTreeParser;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RefList;
+
+/** A tree parser that extracts references from a {@link RefTree}. */
+class Scanner {
+	private static final int MAX_SYMLINK_BYTES = 10 << 10;
+	private static final byte[] BINARY_R_REFS = encode(R_REFS);
+	private static final byte[] REFS_DOT_DOT = encode("refs/.."); //$NON-NLS-1$
+
+	static class Result {
+		final ObjectId refTreeId;
+		final RefList<Ref> all;
+		final RefList<Ref> sym;
+
+		Result(ObjectId id, RefList<Ref> all, RefList<Ref> sym) {
+			this.refTreeId = id;
+			this.all = all;
+			this.sym = sym;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Scan a {@link RefTree} and parse entries into {@link Ref} instances.
+	 *
+	 * @param repo
+	 *            source repository containing the commit and tree objects that
+	 *            make up the RefTree.
+	 * @param src
+	 *            bootstrap reference such as {@code refs/txn/committed} to read
+	 *            the reference tree tip from. The current ObjectId will be
+	 *            included in {@link Result#refTreeId}.
+	 * @param prefix
+	 *            if non-empty a reference prefix to scan only a subdirectory.
+	 *            For example {@code prefix = "refs/heads/"} will limit the scan
+	 *            to only the {@code "heads"} directory of the RefTree, avoiding
+	 *            other directories like {@code "tags"}. Empty string reads all
+	 *            entries in the RefTree.
+	 * @param recursive
+	 *            if true recurse into subdirectories of the reference tree;
+	 *            false to read only one level. Callers may use false during an
+	 *            implementation of {@code exactRef(String)} where only one
+	 *            reference is needed out of a specific subtree.
+	 * @return sorted list of references after parsing.
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             tree cannot be accessed from the repository.
+	 */
+	static Result scanRefTree(Repository repo, @Nullable Ref src, String prefix,
+			boolean recursive) throws IOException {
+		RefList.Builder<Ref> all = new RefList.Builder<>();
+		RefList.Builder<Ref> sym = new RefList.Builder<>();
+
+		ObjectId srcId;
+		if (src != null && src.getObjectId() != null) {
+			try (ObjectReader reader = repo.newObjectReader()) {
+				srcId = src.getObjectId();
+				scan(reader, srcId, prefix, recursive, all, sym);
+			}
+		} else {
+			srcId = ObjectId.zeroId();
+		}
+
+		RefList<Ref> aList = all.toRefList();
+		for (int idx = 0; idx < sym.size();) {
+			Ref s = sym.get(idx);
+			Ref r = resolve(s, 0, aList);
+			if (r != null) {
+				sym.set(idx++, r);
+			} else {
+				// Remove broken symbolic reference, they don't exist.
+				sym.remove(idx);
+				int rm = aList.find(s.getName());
+				if (0 <= rm) {
+					aList = aList.remove(rm);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return new Result(srcId, aList, sym.toRefList());
+	}
+
+	private static void scan(ObjectReader reader, AnyObjectId srcId,
+			String prefix, boolean recursive,
+			RefList.Builder<Ref> all, RefList.Builder<Ref> sym)
+					throws IncorrectObjectTypeException, IOException {
+		CanonicalTreeParser p = createParserAtPath(reader, srcId, prefix);
+		if (p == null) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		while (!p.eof()) {
+			int mode = p.getEntryRawMode();
+			if (mode == TYPE_TREE) {
+				if (recursive) {
+					p = p.createSubtreeIterator(reader);
+				} else {
+					p = p.next();
+				}
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (!curElementHasPeelSuffix(p)) {
+				Ref r = toRef(reader, mode, p);
+				if (r != null) {
+					all.add(r);
+					if (r.isSymbolic()) {
+						sym.add(r);
+					}
+				}
+			} else if (mode == TYPE_GITLINK) {
+				peel(all, p);
+			}
+			p = p.next();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static CanonicalTreeParser createParserAtPath(ObjectReader reader,
+			AnyObjectId srcId, String prefix) throws IOException {
+		ObjectId root = toTree(reader, srcId);
+		if (prefix.isEmpty()) {
+			return new CanonicalTreeParser(BINARY_R_REFS, reader, root);
+		}
+
+		String dir = RefTree.refPath(Paths.stripTrailingSeparator(prefix));
+		TreeWalk tw = TreeWalk.forPath(reader, dir, root);
+		if (tw == null || !tw.isSubtree()) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		ObjectId id = tw.getObjectId(0);
+		return new CanonicalTreeParser(encode(prefix), reader, id);
+	}
+
+	private static Ref resolve(Ref ref, int depth, RefList<Ref> refs)
+			throws IOException {
+		if (!ref.isSymbolic()) {
+			return ref;
+		} else if (MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH <= depth) {
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		Ref r = refs.get(ref.getTarget().getName());
+		if (r == null) {
+			return ref;
+		}
+
+		Ref dst = resolve(r, depth + 1, refs);
+		if (dst == null) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		return new SymbolicRef(ref.getName(), dst);
+	}
+
+	@SuppressWarnings("resource")
+	private static RevTree toTree(ObjectReader reader, AnyObjectId id)
+			throws IOException {
+		return new RevWalk(reader).parseTree(id);
+	}
+
+	private static boolean curElementHasPeelSuffix(AbstractTreeIterator itr) {
+		int n = itr.getEntryPathLength();
+		byte[] c = itr.getEntryPathBuffer();
+		return n > 2 && c[n - 2] == ' ' && c[n - 1] == '^';
+	}
+
+	private static void peel(RefList.Builder<Ref> all, CanonicalTreeParser p) {
+		String name = refName(p, true);
+		for (int idx = all.size() - 1; 0 <= idx; idx--) {
+			Ref r = all.get(idx);
+			int cmp = r.getName().compareTo(name);
+			if (cmp == 0) {
+				all.set(idx, new ObjectIdRef.PeeledTag(PACKED, r.getName(),
+						r.getObjectId(), p.getEntryObjectId()));
+				break;
+			} else if (cmp < 0) {
+				// Stray peeled name without matching base name; skip entry.
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	private static Ref toRef(ObjectReader reader, int mode,
+			CanonicalTreeParser p) throws IOException {
+		if (mode == TYPE_GITLINK) {
+			String name = refName(p, false);
+			ObjectId id = p.getEntryObjectId();
+			return new ObjectIdRef.PeeledNonTag(PACKED, name, id);
+
+		} else if (mode == TYPE_SYMLINK) {
+			ObjectId id = p.getEntryObjectId();
+			byte[] bin = reader.open(id, OBJ_BLOB)
+					.getCachedBytes(MAX_SYMLINK_BYTES);
+			String dst = RawParseUtils.decode(bin);
+			Ref trg = new ObjectIdRef.Unpeeled(NEW, dst, null);
+			String name = refName(p, false);
+			return new SymbolicRef(name, trg);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private static String refName(CanonicalTreeParser p, boolean peel) {
+		byte[] buf = p.getEntryPathBuffer();
+		int len = p.getEntryPathLength();
+		if (peel) {
+			len -= 2;
+		}
+		int ptr = 0;
+		if (RawParseUtils.match(buf, ptr, REFS_DOT_DOT) > 0) {
+			ptr = 7;
+		}
+		return RawParseUtils.decode(buf, ptr, len);
+	}
+
+	private Scanner() {
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BaseRepositoryBuilder.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BaseRepositoryBuilder.java
index 45dd7ee1ac..670f9a9e14 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BaseRepositoryBuilder.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BaseRepositoryBuilder.java
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ public class BaseRepositoryBuilder<B extends BaseRepositoryBuilder, R extends Re
 
 		int pathStart = 8;
 		int lineEnd = RawParseUtils.nextLF(content, pathStart);
-		if (content[lineEnd - 1] == '\n')
+		while (content[lineEnd - 1] == '\n' ||
+		       (content[lineEnd - 1] == '\r' && SystemReader.getInstance().isWindows()))
 			lineEnd--;
 		if (lineEnd == pathStart)
 			throw new IOException(MessageFormat.format(
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BlobBasedConfig.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BlobBasedConfig.java
index cbb2f5b856..7d52991df0 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BlobBasedConfig.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/BlobBasedConfig.java
@@ -79,7 +79,15 @@ public class BlobBasedConfig extends Config {
 	public BlobBasedConfig(Config base, final byte[] blob)
 			throws ConfigInvalidException {
 		super(base);
-		fromText(RawParseUtils.decode(blob));
+		final String decoded;
+		if (blob.length >= 3 && blob[0] == (byte) 0xEF
+				&& blob[1] == (byte) 0xBB && blob[2] == (byte) 0xBF) {
+			decoded = RawParseUtils.decode(RawParseUtils.UTF8_CHARSET,
+					blob, 3, blob.length);
+		} else {
+			decoded = RawParseUtils.decode(blob);
+		}
+		fromText(decoded);
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/FileTreeEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/FileTreeEntry.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 6811417ee0..0000000000
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/FileTreeEntry.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007, Robin Rosenberg <robin.rosenberg@dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2006-2007, Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
- * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
- *
- * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
- * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
- * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
- * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
- *
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
- * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
- * conditions are met:
- *
- * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *
- * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
- *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
- *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
- *   with the distribution.
- *
- * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
- *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
- *   products derived from this software without specific prior
- *   written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
- * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
- * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
- * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
- * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
- * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
- * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
- * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
- * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-
-/**
- * A representation of a file (blob) object in a {@link Tree}.
- *
- * @deprecated To look up information about a single path, use
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk#forPath(Repository, String, org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree)}.
- * To lookup information about multiple paths at once, use a
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk} and obtain the current entry's
- * information from its getter methods.
- */
-@Deprecated
-public class FileTreeEntry extends TreeEntry {
-	private FileMode mode;
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor for a File (blob) object.
-	 *
-	 * @param parent
-	 *            The {@link Tree} holding this object (or null)
-	 * @param id
-	 *            the SHA-1 of the blob (or null for a yet unhashed file)
-	 * @param nameUTF8
-	 *            raw object name in the parent tree
-	 * @param execute
-	 *            true if the executable flag is set
-	 */
-	public FileTreeEntry(final Tree parent, final ObjectId id,
-			final byte[] nameUTF8, final boolean execute) {
-		super(parent, id, nameUTF8);
-		setExecutable(execute);
-	}
-
-	public FileMode getMode() {
-		return mode;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return true if this file is executable
-	 */
-	public boolean isExecutable() {
-		return getMode().equals(FileMode.EXECUTABLE_FILE);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @param execute set/reset the executable flag
-	 */
-	public void setExecutable(final boolean execute) {
-		mode = execute ? FileMode.EXECUTABLE_FILE : FileMode.REGULAR_FILE;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return an {@link ObjectLoader} that will return the data
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public ObjectLoader openReader() throws IOException {
-		return getRepository().open(getId(), Constants.OBJ_BLOB);
-	}
-
-	public String toString() {
-		final StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
-		r.append(ObjectId.toString(getId()));
-		r.append(' ');
-		r.append(isExecutable() ? 'X' : 'F');
-		r.append(' ');
-		r.append(getFullName());
-		return r.toString();
-	}
-}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectChecker.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectChecker.java
index a7a67a8812..0b5efd77d4 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectChecker.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectChecker.java
@@ -44,21 +44,58 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
 
-import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils.match;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJECT_ID_LENGTH;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJECT_ID_STRING_LENGTH;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BAD;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_BLOB;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_COMMIT;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_TAG;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants.OBJ_TREE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_DATE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_EMAIL;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_OBJECT_SHA1;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_PARENT_SHA1;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_TIMEZONE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_TREE_SHA1;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.BAD_UTF8;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.DUPLICATE_ENTRIES;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.EMPTY_NAME;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.FULL_PATHNAME;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.HAS_DOT;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.HAS_DOTDOT;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.HAS_DOTGIT;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_AUTHOR;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_COMMITTER;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_EMAIL;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_OBJECT;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_SPACE_BEFORE_DATE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_TAG_ENTRY;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_TREE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.MISSING_TYPE_ENTRY;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.NULL_SHA1;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.TREE_NOT_SORTED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.UNKNOWN_TYPE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.WIN32_BAD_NAME;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.ErrorType.ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths.compare;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths.compareSameName;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils.nextLF;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils.parseBase10;
 
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
+import java.text.Normalizer;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Set;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.MutableInteger;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.StringUtils;
 
 /**
  * Verifies that an object is formatted correctly.
@@ -99,31 +136,135 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	/** Header "tagger " */
 	public static final byte[] tagger = Constants.encodeASCII("tagger "); //$NON-NLS-1$
 
-	private final MutableObjectId tempId = new MutableObjectId();
-
-	private final MutableInteger ptrout = new MutableInteger();
+	/**
+	 * Potential issues identified by the checker.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public enum ErrorType {
+		// @formatter:off
+		// These names match git-core so that fsck section keys also match.
+		/***/ NULL_SHA1,
+		/***/ DUPLICATE_ENTRIES,
+		/***/ TREE_NOT_SORTED,
+		/***/ ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE,
+		/***/ EMPTY_NAME,
+		/***/ FULL_PATHNAME,
+		/***/ HAS_DOT,
+		/***/ HAS_DOTDOT,
+		/***/ HAS_DOTGIT,
+		/***/ BAD_OBJECT_SHA1,
+		/***/ BAD_PARENT_SHA1,
+		/***/ BAD_TREE_SHA1,
+		/***/ MISSING_AUTHOR,
+		/***/ MISSING_COMMITTER,
+		/***/ MISSING_OBJECT,
+		/***/ MISSING_TREE,
+		/***/ MISSING_TYPE_ENTRY,
+		/***/ MISSING_TAG_ENTRY,
+		/***/ BAD_DATE,
+		/***/ BAD_EMAIL,
+		/***/ BAD_TIMEZONE,
+		/***/ MISSING_EMAIL,
+		/***/ MISSING_SPACE_BEFORE_DATE,
+		/***/ UNKNOWN_TYPE,
+
+		// These are unique to JGit.
+		/***/ WIN32_BAD_NAME,
+		/***/ BAD_UTF8;
+		// @formatter:on
+
+		/** @return camelCaseVersion of the name. */
+		public String getMessageId() {
+			String n = name();
+			StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder(n.length());
+			for (int i = 0; i < n.length(); i++) {
+				char c = n.charAt(i);
+				if (c != '_') {
+					r.append(StringUtils.toLowerCase(c));
+				} else {
+					r.append(n.charAt(++i));
+				}
+			}
+			return r.toString();
+		}
+	}
 
-	private boolean allowZeroMode;
+	private final MutableObjectId tempId = new MutableObjectId();
+	private final MutableInteger bufPtr = new MutableInteger();
 
+	private EnumSet<ErrorType> errors = EnumSet.allOf(ErrorType.class);
+	private ObjectIdSet skipList;
 	private boolean allowInvalidPersonIdent;
 	private boolean windows;
 	private boolean macosx;
 
 	/**
+	 * Enable accepting specific malformed (but not horribly broken) objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param objects
+	 *            collection of object names known to be broken in a non-fatal
+	 *            way that should be ignored by the checker.
+	 * @return {@code this}
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public ObjectChecker setSkipList(@Nullable ObjectIdSet objects) {
+		skipList = objects;
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Configure error types to be ignored across all objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param ids
+	 *            error types to ignore. The caller's set is copied.
+	 * @return {@code this}
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public ObjectChecker setIgnore(@Nullable Set<ErrorType> ids) {
+		errors = EnumSet.allOf(ErrorType.class);
+		if (ids != null) {
+			errors.removeAll(ids);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Add message type to be ignored across all objects.
+	 *
+	 * @param id
+	 *            error type to ignore.
+	 * @param ignore
+	 *            true to ignore this error; false to treat the error as an
+	 *            error and throw.
+	 * @return {@code this}
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public ObjectChecker setIgnore(ErrorType id, boolean ignore) {
+		if (ignore) {
+			errors.remove(id);
+		} else {
+			errors.add(id);
+		}
+		return this;
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Enable accepting leading zero mode in tree entries.
 	 * <p>
 	 * Some broken Git libraries generated leading zeros in the mode part of
 	 * tree entries. This is technically incorrect but gracefully allowed by
 	 * git-core. JGit rejects such trees by default, but may need to accept
 	 * them on broken histories.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Same as {@code setIgnore(ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE, allow)}.
 	 *
 	 * @param allow allow leading zero mode.
 	 * @return {@code this}.
 	 * @since 3.4
 	 */
 	public ObjectChecker setAllowLeadingZeroFileMode(boolean allow) {
-		allowZeroMode = allow;
-		return this;
+		return setIgnore(ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE, allow);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -184,62 +325,117 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
 	 *             if an error is identified.
 	 */
-	public void check(final int objType, final byte[] raw)
+	public void check(int objType, byte[] raw)
+			throws CorruptObjectException {
+		check(idFor(objType, raw), objType, raw);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check an object for parsing errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param id
+	 *            identify of the object being checked.
+	 * @param objType
+	 *            type of the object. Must be a valid object type code in
+	 *            {@link Constants}.
+	 * @param raw
+	 *            the raw data which comprises the object. This should be in the
+	 *            canonical format (that is the format used to generate the
+	 *            ObjectId of the object). The array is never modified.
+	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
+	 *             if an error is identified.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public void check(@Nullable AnyObjectId id, int objType, byte[] raw)
 			throws CorruptObjectException {
 		switch (objType) {
-		case Constants.OBJ_COMMIT:
-			checkCommit(raw);
+		case OBJ_COMMIT:
+			checkCommit(id, raw);
 			break;
-		case Constants.OBJ_TAG:
-			checkTag(raw);
+		case OBJ_TAG:
+			checkTag(id, raw);
 			break;
-		case Constants.OBJ_TREE:
-			checkTree(raw);
+		case OBJ_TREE:
+			checkTree(id, raw);
 			break;
-		case Constants.OBJ_BLOB:
+		case OBJ_BLOB:
 			checkBlob(raw);
 			break;
 		default:
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(MessageFormat.format(
+			report(UNKNOWN_TYPE, id, MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidType2,
 					Integer.valueOf(objType)));
 		}
 	}
 
-	private int id(final byte[] raw, final int ptr) {
+	private boolean checkId(byte[] raw) {
+		int p = bufPtr.value;
 		try {
-			tempId.fromString(raw, ptr);
-			return ptr + Constants.OBJECT_ID_STRING_LENGTH;
+			tempId.fromString(raw, p);
 		} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-			return -1;
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, p);
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		p += OBJECT_ID_STRING_LENGTH;
+		if (raw[p] == '\n') {
+			bufPtr.value = p + 1;
+			return true;
 		}
+		bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, p);
+		return false;
 	}
 
-	private int personIdent(final byte[] raw, int ptr) {
-		if (allowInvalidPersonIdent)
-			return nextLF(raw, ptr) - 1;
+	private void checkPersonIdent(byte[] raw, @Nullable AnyObjectId id)
+			throws CorruptObjectException {
+		if (allowInvalidPersonIdent) {
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
 
-		final int emailB = nextLF(raw, ptr, '<');
-		if (emailB == ptr || raw[emailB - 1] != '<')
-			return -1;
+		final int emailB = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value, '<');
+		if (emailB == bufPtr.value || raw[emailB - 1] != '<') {
+			report(MISSING_EMAIL, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectMissingEmail);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
 
 		final int emailE = nextLF(raw, emailB, '>');
-		if (emailE == emailB || raw[emailE - 1] != '>')
-			return -1;
-		if (emailE == raw.length || raw[emailE] != ' ')
-			return -1;
+		if (emailE == emailB || raw[emailE - 1] != '>') {
+			report(BAD_EMAIL, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectBadEmail);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
+		if (emailE == raw.length || raw[emailE] != ' ') {
+			report(MISSING_SPACE_BEFORE_DATE, id,
+					JGitText.get().corruptObjectBadDate);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
+
+		parseBase10(raw, emailE + 1, bufPtr); // when
+		if (emailE + 1 == bufPtr.value || bufPtr.value == raw.length
+				|| raw[bufPtr.value] != ' ') {
+			report(BAD_DATE, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectBadDate);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
 
-		parseBase10(raw, emailE + 1, ptrout); // when
-		ptr = ptrout.value;
-		if (emailE + 1 == ptr)
-			return -1;
-		if (ptr == raw.length || raw[ptr] != ' ')
-			return -1;
+		int p = bufPtr.value + 1;
+		parseBase10(raw, p, bufPtr); // tz offset
+		if (p == bufPtr.value) {
+			report(BAD_TIMEZONE, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectBadTimezone);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
+			return;
+		}
 
-		parseBase10(raw, ptr + 1, ptrout); // tz offset
-		if (ptr + 1 == ptrout.value)
-			return -1;
-		return ptrout.value;
+		p = bufPtr.value;
+		if (raw[p] == '\n') {
+			bufPtr.value = p + 1;
+		} else {
+			report(BAD_TIMEZONE, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectBadTimezone);
+			bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, p);
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -250,36 +446,50 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
 	 *             if any error was detected.
 	 */
-	public void checkCommit(final byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
-		int ptr = 0;
+	public void checkCommit(byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		checkCommit(idFor(OBJ_COMMIT, raw), raw);
+	}
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, tree)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNotreeHeader);
-		if ((ptr = id(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidTree);
+	/**
+	 * Check a commit for errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param id
+	 *            identity of the object being checked.
+	 * @param raw
+	 *            the commit data. The array is never modified.
+	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
+	 *             if any error was detected.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public void checkCommit(@Nullable AnyObjectId id, byte[] raw)
+			throws CorruptObjectException {
+		bufPtr.value = 0;
 
-		while (match(raw, ptr, parent) >= 0) {
-			ptr += parent.length;
-			if ((ptr = id(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+		if (!match(raw, tree)) {
+			report(MISSING_TREE, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectNotreeHeader);
+		} else if (!checkId(raw)) {
+			report(BAD_TREE_SHA1, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidTree);
+		}
+
+		while (match(raw, parent)) {
+			if (!checkId(raw)) {
+				report(BAD_PARENT_SHA1, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidParent);
+			}
 		}
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, author)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoAuthor);
-		if ((ptr = personIdent(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidAuthor);
+		if (match(raw, author)) {
+			checkPersonIdent(raw, id);
+		} else {
+			report(MISSING_AUTHOR, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoAuthor);
+		}
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, committer)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
+		if (match(raw, committer)) {
+			checkPersonIdent(raw, id);
+		} else {
+			report(MISSING_COMMITTER, id,
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoCommitter);
-		if ((ptr = personIdent(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidCommitter);
+		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -290,50 +500,47 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
 	 *             if any error was detected.
 	 */
-	public void checkTag(final byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
-		int ptr = 0;
+	public void checkTag(byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		checkTag(idFor(OBJ_TAG, raw), raw);
+	}
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, object)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
+	/**
+	 * Check an annotated tag for errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param id
+	 *            identity of the object being checked.
+	 * @param raw
+	 *            the tag data. The array is never modified.
+	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
+	 *             if any error was detected.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public void checkTag(@Nullable AnyObjectId id, byte[] raw)
+			throws CorruptObjectException {
+		bufPtr.value = 0;
+		if (!match(raw, object)) {
+			report(MISSING_OBJECT, id,
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoObjectHeader);
-		if ((ptr = id(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
+		} else if (!checkId(raw)) {
+			report(BAD_OBJECT_SHA1, id,
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidObject);
+		}
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, type)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
+		if (!match(raw, type)) {
+			report(MISSING_TYPE_ENTRY, id,
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoTypeHeader);
-		ptr = nextLF(raw, ptr);
+		}
+		bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
 
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, tag)) < 0)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
+		if (!match(raw, tag)) {
+			report(MISSING_TAG_ENTRY, id,
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNoTagHeader);
-		ptr = nextLF(raw, ptr);
-
-		if ((ptr = match(raw, ptr, tagger)) > 0) {
-			if ((ptr = personIdent(raw, ptr)) < 0 || raw[ptr++] != '\n')
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
-						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidTagger);
 		}
-	}
-
-	private static int lastPathChar(final int mode) {
-		return FileMode.TREE.equals(mode) ? '/' : '\0';
-	}
+		bufPtr.value = nextLF(raw, bufPtr.value);
 
-	private static int pathCompare(final byte[] raw, int aPos, final int aEnd,
-			final int aMode, int bPos, final int bEnd, final int bMode) {
-		while (aPos < aEnd && bPos < bEnd) {
-			final int cmp = (raw[aPos++] & 0xff) - (raw[bPos++] & 0xff);
-			if (cmp != 0)
-				return cmp;
+		if (match(raw, tagger)) {
+			checkPersonIdent(raw, id);
 		}
-
-		if (aPos < aEnd)
-			return (raw[aPos] & 0xff) - lastPathChar(bMode);
-		if (bPos < bEnd)
-			return lastPathChar(aMode) - (raw[bPos] & 0xff);
-		return 0;
 	}
 
 	private static boolean duplicateName(final byte[] raw,
@@ -363,8 +570,9 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 			if (nextNamePos + 1 == nextPtr)
 				return false;
 
-			final int cmp = pathCompare(raw, thisNamePos, thisNameEnd,
-					FileMode.TREE.getBits(), nextNamePos, nextPtr - 1, nextMode);
+			int cmp = compareSameName(
+					raw, thisNamePos, thisNameEnd,
+					raw, nextNamePos, nextPtr - 1, nextMode);
 			if (cmp < 0)
 				return false;
 			else if (cmp == 0)
@@ -382,7 +590,23 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
 	 *             if any error was detected.
 	 */
-	public void checkTree(final byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
+	public void checkTree(byte[] raw) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		checkTree(idFor(OBJ_TREE, raw), raw);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check a canonical formatted tree for errors.
+	 *
+	 * @param id
+	 *            identity of the object being checked.
+	 * @param raw
+	 *            the raw tree data. The array is never modified.
+	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
+	 *             if any error was detected.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public void checkTree(@Nullable AnyObjectId id, byte[] raw)
+			throws CorruptObjectException {
 		final int sz = raw.length;
 		int ptr = 0;
 		int lastNameB = 0, lastNameE = 0, lastMode = 0;
@@ -393,74 +617,90 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 		while (ptr < sz) {
 			int thisMode = 0;
 			for (;;) {
-				if (ptr == sz)
+				if (ptr == sz) {
 					throw new CorruptObjectException(
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectTruncatedInMode);
+				}
 				final byte c = raw[ptr++];
 				if (' ' == c)
 					break;
-				if (c < '0' || c > '7')
+				if (c < '0' || c > '7') {
 					throw new CorruptObjectException(
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidModeChar);
-				if (thisMode == 0 && c == '0' && !allowZeroMode)
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(
+				}
+				if (thisMode == 0 && c == '0') {
+					report(ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE, id,
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidModeStartsZero);
+				}
 				thisMode <<= 3;
 				thisMode += c - '0';
 			}
 
-			if (FileMode.fromBits(thisMode).getObjectType() == Constants.OBJ_BAD)
+			if (FileMode.fromBits(thisMode).getObjectType() == OBJ_BAD) {
 				throw new CorruptObjectException(MessageFormat.format(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidMode2,
 						Integer.valueOf(thisMode)));
+			}
 
 			final int thisNameB = ptr;
-			ptr = scanPathSegment(raw, ptr, sz);
-			if (ptr == sz || raw[ptr] != 0)
+			ptr = scanPathSegment(raw, ptr, sz, id);
+			if (ptr == sz || raw[ptr] != 0) {
 				throw new CorruptObjectException(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectTruncatedInName);
-			checkPathSegment2(raw, thisNameB, ptr);
+			}
+			checkPathSegment2(raw, thisNameB, ptr, id);
 			if (normalized != null) {
-				if (!normalized.add(normalize(raw, thisNameB, ptr)))
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(
+				if (!normalized.add(normalize(raw, thisNameB, ptr))) {
+					report(DUPLICATE_ENTRIES, id,
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectDuplicateEntryNames);
-			} else if (duplicateName(raw, thisNameB, ptr))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+				}
+			} else if (duplicateName(raw, thisNameB, ptr)) {
+				report(DUPLICATE_ENTRIES, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectDuplicateEntryNames);
+			}
 
 			if (lastNameB != 0) {
-				final int cmp = pathCompare(raw, lastNameB, lastNameE,
-						lastMode, thisNameB, ptr, thisMode);
-				if (cmp > 0)
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(
+				int cmp = compare(
+						raw, lastNameB, lastNameE, lastMode,
+						raw, thisNameB, ptr, thisMode);
+				if (cmp > 0) {
+					report(TREE_NOT_SORTED, id,
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectIncorrectSorting);
+				}
 			}
 
 			lastNameB = thisNameB;
 			lastNameE = ptr;
 			lastMode = thisMode;
 
-			ptr += 1 + Constants.OBJECT_ID_LENGTH;
-			if (ptr > sz)
+			ptr += 1 + OBJECT_ID_LENGTH;
+			if (ptr > sz) {
 				throw new CorruptObjectException(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectTruncatedInObjectId);
+			}
+			if (ObjectId.zeroId().compareTo(raw, ptr - OBJECT_ID_LENGTH) == 0) {
+				report(NULL_SHA1, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectZeroId);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	private int scanPathSegment(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
+	private int scanPathSegment(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end,
+			@Nullable AnyObjectId id) throws CorruptObjectException {
 		for (; ptr < end; ptr++) {
 			byte c = raw[ptr];
-			if (c == 0)
+			if (c == 0) {
 				return ptr;
-			if (c == '/')
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+			}
+			if (c == '/') {
+				report(FULL_PATHNAME, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameContainsSlash);
+			}
 			if (windows && isInvalidOnWindows(c)) {
-				if (c > 31)
+				if (c > 31) {
 					throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameContainsChar,
 							Byte.valueOf(c)));
+				}
 				throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameContainsByte,
 						Integer.valueOf(c & 0xff)));
@@ -469,6 +709,26 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 		return ptr;
 	}
 
+	@SuppressWarnings("resource")
+	@Nullable
+	private ObjectId idFor(int objType, byte[] raw) {
+		if (skipList != null) {
+			return new ObjectInserter.Formatter().idFor(objType, raw);
+		}
+		return null;
+	}
+
+	private void report(@NonNull ErrorType err, @Nullable AnyObjectId id,
+			String why) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		if (errors.contains(err)
+				&& (id == null || skipList == null || !skipList.contains(id))) {
+			if (id != null) {
+				throw new CorruptObjectException(err, id, why);
+			}
+			throw new CorruptObjectException(why);
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Check tree path entry for validity.
 	 * <p>
@@ -519,73 +779,82 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 	 */
 	public void checkPathSegment(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
 			throws CorruptObjectException {
-		int e = scanPathSegment(raw, ptr, end);
+		int e = scanPathSegment(raw, ptr, end, null);
 		if (e < end && raw[e] == 0)
 			throw new CorruptObjectException(
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameContainsNullByte);
-		checkPathSegment2(raw, ptr, end);
+		checkPathSegment2(raw, ptr, end, null);
 	}
 
-	private void checkPathSegment2(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
-		if (ptr == end)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(
-					JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameZeroLength);
+	private void checkPathSegment2(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end,
+			@Nullable AnyObjectId id) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		if (ptr == end) {
+			report(EMPTY_NAME, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameZeroLength);
+			return;
+		}
+
 		if (raw[ptr] == '.') {
 			switch (end - ptr) {
 			case 1:
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
-						JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameDot);
+				report(HAS_DOT, id, JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameDot);
+				break;
 			case 2:
-				if (raw[ptr + 1] == '.')
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(
+				if (raw[ptr + 1] == '.') {
+					report(HAS_DOTDOT, id,
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectNameDotDot);
+				}
 				break;
 			case 4:
-				if (isGit(raw, ptr + 1))
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+				if (isGit(raw, ptr + 1)) {
+					report(HAS_DOTGIT, id, String.format(
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidName,
 							RawParseUtils.decode(raw, ptr, end)));
+				}
 				break;
 			default:
-				if (end - ptr > 4 && isNormalizedGit(raw, ptr + 1, end))
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+				if (end - ptr > 4 && isNormalizedGit(raw, ptr + 1, end)) {
+					report(HAS_DOTGIT, id, String.format(
 							JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidName,
 							RawParseUtils.decode(raw, ptr, end)));
+				}
 			}
 		} else if (isGitTilde1(raw, ptr, end)) {
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+			report(HAS_DOTGIT, id, String.format(
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidName,
 					RawParseUtils.decode(raw, ptr, end)));
 		}
-
-		if (macosx && isMacHFSGit(raw, ptr, end))
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+		if (macosx && isMacHFSGit(raw, ptr, end, id)) {
+			report(HAS_DOTGIT, id, String.format(
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameIgnorableUnicode,
 					RawParseUtils.decode(raw, ptr, end)));
+		}
 
 		if (windows) {
 			// Windows ignores space and dot at end of file name.
-			if (raw[end - 1] == ' ' || raw[end - 1] == '.')
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+			if (raw[end - 1] == ' ' || raw[end - 1] == '.') {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id, String.format(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameEnd,
 						Character.valueOf(((char) raw[end - 1]))));
-			if (end - ptr >= 3)
-				checkNotWindowsDevice(raw, ptr, end);
+			}
+			if (end - ptr >= 3) {
+				checkNotWindowsDevice(raw, ptr, end, id);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Mac's HFS+ folds permutations of ".git" and Unicode ignorable characters
 	// to ".git" therefore we should prevent such names
-	private static boolean isMacHFSGit(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
+	private boolean isMacHFSGit(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end,
+			@Nullable AnyObjectId id) throws CorruptObjectException {
 		boolean ignorable = false;
 		byte[] git = new byte[] { '.', 'g', 'i', 't' };
 		int g = 0;
 		while (ptr < end) {
 			switch (raw[ptr]) {
 			case (byte) 0xe2: // http://www.utf8-chartable.de/unicode-utf8-table.pl?start=8192
-				checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(raw, ptr, end);
+				if (!checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(raw, ptr, end, id)) {
+					return false;
+				}
 				switch (raw[ptr + 1]) {
 				case (byte) 0x80:
 					switch (raw[ptr + 2]) {
@@ -622,7 +891,9 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 					return false;
 				}
 			case (byte) 0xef: // http://www.utf8-chartable.de/unicode-utf8-table.pl?start=65024
-				checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(raw, ptr, end);
+				if (!checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(raw, ptr, end, id)) {
+					return false;
+				}
 				// U+FEFF 0xefbbbf ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE
 				if ((raw[ptr + 1] == (byte) 0xbb)
 						&& (raw[ptr + 2] == (byte) 0xbf)) {
@@ -643,12 +914,15 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 		return false;
 	}
 
-	private static void checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
-		if ((ptr + 2) >= end)
-			throw new CorruptObjectException(MessageFormat.format(
+	private boolean checkTruncatedIgnorableUTF8(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end,
+			@Nullable AnyObjectId id) throws CorruptObjectException {
+		if ((ptr + 2) >= end) {
+			report(BAD_UTF8, id, MessageFormat.format(
 					JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameInvalidUtf8,
 					toHexString(raw, ptr, end)));
+			return false;
+		}
+		return true;
 	}
 
 	private static String toHexString(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end) {
@@ -658,33 +932,36 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 		return b.toString();
 	}
 
-	private static void checkNotWindowsDevice(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
+	private void checkNotWindowsDevice(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end,
+			@Nullable AnyObjectId id) throws CorruptObjectException {
 		switch (toLower(raw[ptr])) {
 		case 'a': // AUX
 			if (end - ptr >= 3
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'u'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 'x'
-					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameAux);
+			}
 			break;
 
 		case 'c': // CON, COM[1-9]
 			if (end - ptr >= 3
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 'n'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'o'
-					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameCon);
+			}
 			if (end - ptr >= 4
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 'm'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'o'
 					&& isPositiveDigit(raw[ptr + 3])
-					&& (end - ptr == 4 || raw[ptr + 4] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+					&& (end - ptr == 4 || raw[ptr + 4] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id, String.format(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameCom,
 						Character.valueOf(((char) raw[ptr + 3]))));
+			}
 			break;
 
 		case 'l': // LPT[1-9]
@@ -692,28 +969,31 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'p'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 't'
 					&& isPositiveDigit(raw[ptr + 3])
-					&& (end - ptr == 4 || raw[ptr + 4] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(String.format(
+					&& (end - ptr == 4 || raw[ptr + 4] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id, String.format(
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameLpt,
 						Character.valueOf(((char) raw[ptr + 3]))));
+			}
 			break;
 
 		case 'n': // NUL
 			if (end - ptr >= 3
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'u'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 'l'
-					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNameNul);
+			}
 			break;
 
 		case 'p': // PRN
 			if (end - ptr >= 3
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 1]) == 'r'
 					&& toLower(raw[ptr + 2]) == 'n'
-					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.'))
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(
+					&& (end - ptr == 3 || raw[ptr + 3] == '.')) {
+				report(WIN32_BAD_NAME, id,
 						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidNamePrn);
+			}
 			break;
 		}
 	}
@@ -766,6 +1046,15 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	private boolean match(byte[] b, byte[] src) {
+		int r = RawParseUtils.match(b, bufPtr.value, src);
+		if (r < 0) {
+			return false;
+		}
+		bufPtr.value = r;
+		return true;
+	}
+
 	private static char toLower(byte b) {
 		if ('A' <= b && b <= 'Z')
 			return (char) (b + ('a' - 'A'));
@@ -790,58 +1079,6 @@ public class ObjectChecker {
 
 	private String normalize(byte[] raw, int ptr, int end) {
 		String n = RawParseUtils.decode(raw, ptr, end).toLowerCase(Locale.US);
-		return macosx ? Normalizer.normalize(n) : n;
-	}
-
-	private static class Normalizer {
-		// TODO Simplify invocation to Normalizer after dropping Java 5.
-		private static final Method normalize;
-		private static final Object nfc;
-		static {
-			Method method;
-			Object formNfc;
-			try {
-				Class<?> formClazz = Class.forName("java.text.Normalizer$Form"); //$NON-NLS-1$
-				formNfc = formClazz.getField("NFC").get(null); //$NON-NLS-1$
-				method = Class.forName("java.text.Normalizer") //$NON-NLS-1$
-					.getMethod("normalize", CharSequence.class, formClazz); //$NON-NLS-1$
-			} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			} catch (NoSuchFieldException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			} catch (SecurityException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
-				method = null;
-				formNfc = null;
-			}
-			normalize = method;
-			nfc = formNfc;
-		}
-
-		static String normalize(String in) {
-			if (normalize == null)
-				return in;
-			try {
-				return (String) normalize.invoke(null, in, nfc);
-			} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
-				return in;
-			} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
-				if (e.getCause() instanceof RuntimeException)
-					throw (RuntimeException) e.getCause();
-				if (e.getCause() instanceof Error)
-					throw (Error) e.getCause();
-				return in;
-			}
-		}
+		return macosx ? Normalizer.normalize(n, Normalizer.Form.NFC) : n;
 	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdOwnerMap.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdOwnerMap.java
index 95b16d9176..442261cbd5 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdOwnerMap.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdOwnerMap.java
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
  * @param <V>
  *            type of subclass of ObjectId that will be stored in the map.
  */
-public class ObjectIdOwnerMap<V extends ObjectIdOwnerMap.Entry> implements
-		Iterable<V> {
+public class ObjectIdOwnerMap<V extends ObjectIdOwnerMap.Entry>
+		implements Iterable<V>, ObjectIdSet {
 	/** Size of the initial directory, will grow as necessary. */
 	private static final int INITIAL_DIRECTORY = 1024;
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdRef.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdRef.java
index f481c772dc..c286f5e463 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdRef.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdRef.java
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+
 /** A {@link Ref} that points directly at an {@link ObjectId}. */
 public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 	/** Any reference whose peeled value is not yet known. */
@@ -56,13 +59,15 @@ public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 		 * @param name
 		 *            name of this ref.
 		 * @param id
-		 *            current value of the ref. May be null to indicate a ref
-		 *            that does not exist yet.
+		 *            current value of the ref. May be {@code null} to indicate
+		 *            a ref that does not exist yet.
 		 */
-		public Unpeeled(Storage st, String name, ObjectId id) {
+		public Unpeeled(@NonNull Storage st, @NonNull String name,
+				@Nullable ObjectId id) {
 			super(st, name, id);
 		}
 
+		@Nullable
 		public ObjectId getPeeledObjectId() {
 			return null;
 		}
@@ -88,11 +93,13 @@ public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 		 * @param p
 		 *            the first non-tag object that tag {@code id} points to.
 		 */
-		public PeeledTag(Storage st, String name, ObjectId id, ObjectId p) {
+		public PeeledTag(@NonNull Storage st, @NonNull String name,
+				@Nullable ObjectId id, @NonNull ObjectId p) {
 			super(st, name, id);
 			peeledObjectId = p;
 		}
 
+		@NonNull
 		public ObjectId getPeeledObjectId() {
 			return peeledObjectId;
 		}
@@ -112,13 +119,15 @@ public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 		 * @param name
 		 *            name of this ref.
 		 * @param id
-		 *            current value of the ref. May be null to indicate a ref
-		 *            that does not exist yet.
+		 *            current value of the ref. May be {@code null} to indicate
+		 *            a ref that does not exist yet.
 		 */
-		public PeeledNonTag(Storage st, String name, ObjectId id) {
+		public PeeledNonTag(@NonNull Storage st, @NonNull String name,
+				@Nullable ObjectId id) {
 			super(st, name, id);
 		}
 
+		@Nullable
 		public ObjectId getPeeledObjectId() {
 			return null;
 		}
@@ -142,15 +151,17 @@ public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 	 * @param name
 	 *            name of this ref.
 	 * @param id
-	 *            current value of the ref. May be null to indicate a ref that
-	 *            does not exist yet.
+	 *            current value of the ref. May be {@code null} to indicate a
+	 *            ref that does not exist yet.
 	 */
-	protected ObjectIdRef(Storage st, String name, ObjectId id) {
+	protected ObjectIdRef(@NonNull Storage st, @NonNull String name,
+			@Nullable ObjectId id) {
 		this.name = name;
 		this.storage = st;
 		this.objectId = id;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public String getName() {
 		return name;
 	}
@@ -159,22 +170,27 @@ public abstract class ObjectIdRef implements Ref {
 		return false;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Ref getLeaf() {
 		return this;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Ref getTarget() {
 		return this;
 	}
 
+	@Nullable
 	public ObjectId getObjectId() {
 		return objectId;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Storage getStorage() {
 		return storage;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	@Override
 	public String toString() {
 		StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymlinkTreeEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSet.java
index c7e41bce04..0b5848463c 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymlinkTreeEntry.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSet.java
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2007, Robin Rosenberg <robin.rosenberg@dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2006-2007, Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2015, Google Inc.
  * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
  *
  * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
@@ -45,41 +44,21 @@
 package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
 
 /**
- * A tree entry representing a symbolic link.
+ * Simple set of ObjectIds.
+ * <p>
+ * Usually backed by a read-only data structure such as
+ * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.PackIndex}. Mutable types like
+ * {@link ObjectIdOwnerMap} also implement the interface by checking keys.
  *
- * Note. Java cannot really handle these as file system objects.
- *
- * @deprecated To look up information about a single path, use
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk#forPath(Repository, String, org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree)}.
- * To lookup information about multiple paths at once, use a
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk} and obtain the current entry's
- * information from its getter methods.
+ * @since 4.2
  */
-@Deprecated
-public class SymlinkTreeEntry extends TreeEntry {
-
+public interface ObjectIdSet {
 	/**
-	 * Construct a {@link SymlinkTreeEntry} with the specified name and SHA-1 in
-	 * the specified parent
+	 * Returns true if the objectId is contained within the collection.
 	 *
-	 * @param parent
-	 * @param id
-	 * @param nameUTF8
+	 * @param objectId
+	 *            the objectId to find
+	 * @return whether the collection contains the objectId.
 	 */
-	public SymlinkTreeEntry(final Tree parent, final ObjectId id,
-			final byte[] nameUTF8) {
-		super(parent, id, nameUTF8);
-	}
-
-	public FileMode getMode() {
-		return FileMode.SYMLINK;
-	}
-
-	public String toString() {
-		final StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
-		r.append(ObjectId.toString(getId()));
-		r.append(" S "); //$NON-NLS-1$
-		r.append(getFullName());
-		return r.toString();
-	}
+	boolean contains(AnyObjectId objectId);
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSubclassMap.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSubclassMap.java
index 48aa109e7c..faed64bfe7 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSubclassMap.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/ObjectIdSubclassMap.java
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ import java.util.NoSuchElementException;
  * @param <V>
  *            type of subclass of ObjectId that will be stored in the map.
  */
-public class ObjectIdSubclassMap<V extends ObjectId> implements Iterable<V> {
+public class ObjectIdSubclassMap<V extends ObjectId>
+		implements Iterable<V>, ObjectIdSet {
 	private static final int INITIAL_TABLE_SIZE = 2048;
 
 	int size;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Ref.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Ref.java
index f119c44fe2..a78a90fe58 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Ref.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Ref.java
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+
 /**
  * Pairing of a name and the {@link ObjectId} it currently has.
  * <p>
@@ -126,6 +129,7 @@ public interface Ref {
 	 *
 	 * @return name of this ref.
 	 */
+	@NonNull
 	public String getName();
 
 	/**
@@ -156,6 +160,7 @@ public interface Ref {
 	 *
 	 * @return the reference that actually stores the ObjectId value.
 	 */
+	@NonNull
 	public abstract Ref getLeaf();
 
 	/**
@@ -170,22 +175,27 @@ public interface Ref {
 	 *
 	 * @return the target reference, or {@code this}.
 	 */
+	@NonNull
 	public abstract Ref getTarget();
 
 	/**
 	 * Cached value of this ref.
 	 *
-	 * @return the value of this ref at the last time we read it.
+	 * @return the value of this ref at the last time we read it. May be
+	 *         {@code null} to indicate a ref that does not exist yet or a
+	 *         symbolic ref pointing to an unborn branch.
 	 */
+	@Nullable
 	public abstract ObjectId getObjectId();
 
 	/**
 	 * Cached value of <code>ref^{}</code> (the ref peeled to commit).
 	 *
 	 * @return if this ref is an annotated tag the id of the commit (or tree or
-	 *         blob) that the annotated tag refers to; null if this ref does not
-	 *         refer to an annotated tag.
+	 *         blob) that the annotated tag refers to; {@code null} if this ref
+	 *         does not refer to an annotated tag.
 	 */
+	@Nullable
 	public abstract ObjectId getPeeledObjectId();
 
 	/**
@@ -201,5 +211,6 @@ public interface Ref {
 	 *
 	 * @return type of ref.
 	 */
+	@NonNull
 	public abstract Storage getStorage();
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefDatabase.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefDatabase.java
index 986666f2f4..c0c3862c8b 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefDatabase.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefDatabase.java
@@ -82,8 +82,10 @@ public abstract class RefDatabase {
 	 * <p>
 	 * If the reference is nested deeper than this depth, the implementation
 	 * should either fail, or at least claim the reference does not exist.
+	 *
+	 * @since 4.2
 	 */
-	protected static final int MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH = 5;
+	public static final int MAX_SYMBOLIC_REF_DEPTH = 5;
 
 	/** Magic value for {@link #getRefs(String)} to return all references. */
 	public static final String ALL = "";//$NON-NLS-1$
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefWriter.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefWriter.java
index 747fa62b50..3a02b22813 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefWriter.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/RefWriter.java
@@ -119,13 +119,20 @@ public abstract class RefWriter {
 				continue;
 			}
 
-			r.getObjectId().copyTo(tmp, w);
+			ObjectId objectId = r.getObjectId();
+			if (objectId == null) {
+				// Symrefs to unborn branches aren't advertised in the info/refs
+				// file.
+				continue;
+			}
+			objectId.copyTo(tmp, w);
 			w.write('\t');
 			w.write(r.getName());
 			w.write('\n');
 
-			if (r.getPeeledObjectId() != null) {
-				r.getPeeledObjectId().copyTo(tmp, w);
+			ObjectId peeledObjectId = r.getPeeledObjectId();
+			if (peeledObjectId != null) {
+				peeledObjectId.copyTo(tmp, w);
 				w.write('\t');
 				w.write(r.getName());
 				w.write("^{}\n"); //$NON-NLS-1$
@@ -167,14 +174,21 @@ public abstract class RefWriter {
 			if (r.getStorage() != Ref.Storage.PACKED)
 				continue;
 
-			r.getObjectId().copyTo(tmp, w);
+			ObjectId objectId = r.getObjectId();
+			if (objectId == null) {
+				// A packed ref cannot be a symref, let alone a symref
+				// to an unborn branch.
+				throw new NullPointerException();
+			}
+			objectId.copyTo(tmp, w);
 			w.write(' ');
 			w.write(r.getName());
 			w.write('\n');
 
-			if (r.getPeeledObjectId() != null) {
+			ObjectId peeledObjectId = r.getPeeledObjectId();
+			if (peeledObjectId != null) {
 				w.write('^');
-				r.getPeeledObjectId().copyTo(tmp, w);
+				peeledObjectId.copyTo(tmp, w);
 				w.write('\n');
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Repository.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Repository.java
index 49a970d03a..f8266133a6 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Repository.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Repository.java
@@ -911,12 +911,16 @@ public abstract class Repository implements AutoCloseable {
 	@Nullable
 	public String getFullBranch() throws IOException {
 		Ref head = getRef(Constants.HEAD);
-		if (head == null)
+		if (head == null) {
 			return null;
-		if (head.isSymbolic())
+		}
+		if (head.isSymbolic()) {
 			return head.getTarget().getName();
-		if (head.getObjectId() != null)
-			return head.getObjectId().name();
+		}
+		ObjectId objectId = head.getObjectId();
+		if (objectId != null) {
+			return objectId.name();
+		}
 		return null;
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymbolicRef.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymbolicRef.java
index 43b1510f94..eeab921a7a 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymbolicRef.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/SymbolicRef.java
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.NonNull;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+
 /**
  * A reference that indirectly points at another {@link Ref}.
  * <p>
@@ -62,11 +65,12 @@ public class SymbolicRef implements Ref {
 	 * @param target
 	 *            the ref we reference and derive our value from.
 	 */
-	public SymbolicRef(String refName, Ref target) {
+	public SymbolicRef(@NonNull String refName, @NonNull Ref target) {
 		this.name = refName;
 		this.target = target;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public String getName() {
 		return name;
 	}
@@ -75,6 +79,7 @@ public class SymbolicRef implements Ref {
 		return true;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Ref getLeaf() {
 		Ref dst = getTarget();
 		while (dst.isSymbolic())
@@ -82,18 +87,22 @@ public class SymbolicRef implements Ref {
 		return dst;
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Ref getTarget() {
 		return target;
 	}
 
+	@Nullable
 	public ObjectId getObjectId() {
 		return getLeaf().getObjectId();
 	}
 
+	@NonNull
 	public Storage getStorage() {
 		return Storage.LOOSE;
 	}
 
+	@Nullable
 	public ObjectId getPeeledObjectId() {
 		return getLeaf().getPeeledObjectId();
 	}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Tree.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Tree.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 43bd489dc0..0000000000
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/Tree.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,601 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007, Robin Rosenberg <me@lathund.dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2007-2008, Robin Rosenberg <robin.rosenberg@dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2006-2008, Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
- * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
- *
- * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
- * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
- * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
- * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
- *
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
- * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
- * conditions are met:
- *
- * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *
- * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
- *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
- *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
- *   with the distribution.
- *
- * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
- *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
- *   products derived from this software without specific prior
- *   written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
- * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
- * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
- * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
- * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
- * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
- * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
- * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
- * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.text.MessageFormat;
-
-import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.EntryExistsException;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.ObjectWritingException;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.JGitText;
-import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
-
-/**
- * A representation of a Git tree entry. A Tree is a directory in Git.
- *
- * @deprecated To look up information about a single path, use
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk#forPath(Repository, String, org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree)}.
- * To lookup information about multiple paths at once, use a
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk} and obtain the current entry's
- * information from its getter methods.
- */
-@Deprecated
-public class Tree extends TreeEntry {
-	private static final TreeEntry[] EMPTY_TREE = {};
-
-	/**
-	 * Compare two names represented as bytes. Since git treats names of trees and
-	 * blobs differently we have one parameter that represents a '/' for trees. For
-	 * other objects the value should be NUL. The names are compare by their positive
-	 * byte value (0..255).
-	 *
-	 * A blob and a tree with the same name will not compare equal.
-	 *
-	 * @param a name
-	 * @param b name
-	 * @param lasta '/' if a is a tree, else NUL
-	 * @param lastb '/' if b is a tree, else NUL
-	 *
-	 * @return &lt; 0 if a is sorted before b, 0 if they are the same, else b
-	 */
-	public static final int compareNames(final byte[] a, final byte[] b, final int lasta,final int lastb) {
-		return compareNames(a, b, 0, b.length, lasta, lastb);
-	}
-
-	private static final int compareNames(final byte[] a, final byte[] nameUTF8,
-			final int nameStart, final int nameEnd, final int lasta, int lastb) {
-		int j,k;
-		for (j = 0, k = nameStart; j < a.length && k < nameEnd; j++, k++) {
-			final int aj = a[j] & 0xff;
-			final int bk = nameUTF8[k] & 0xff;
-			if (aj < bk)
-				return -1;
-			else if (aj > bk)
-				return 1;
-		}
-		if (j < a.length) {
-			int aj = a[j]&0xff;
-			if (aj < lastb)
-				return -1;
-			else if (aj > lastb)
-				return 1;
-			else
-				if (j == a.length - 1)
-					return 0;
-				else
-					return -1;
-		}
-		if (k < nameEnd) {
-			int bk = nameUTF8[k] & 0xff;
-			if (lasta < bk)
-				return -1;
-			else if (lasta > bk)
-				return 1;
-			else
-				if (k == nameEnd - 1)
-					return 0;
-				else
-					return 1;
-		}
-		if (lasta < lastb)
-			return -1;
-		else if (lasta > lastb)
-			return 1;
-
-		final int namelength = nameEnd - nameStart;
-		if (a.length == namelength)
-			return 0;
-		else if (a.length < namelength)
-			return -1;
-		else
-			return 1;
-	}
-
-	private static final byte[] substring(final byte[] s, final int nameStart,
-			final int nameEnd) {
-		if (nameStart == 0 && nameStart == s.length)
-			return s;
-		final byte[] n = new byte[nameEnd - nameStart];
-		System.arraycopy(s, nameStart, n, 0, n.length);
-		return n;
-	}
-
-	private static final int binarySearch(final TreeEntry[] entries,
-			final byte[] nameUTF8, final int nameUTF8last, final int nameStart, final int nameEnd) {
-		if (entries.length == 0)
-			return -1;
-		int high = entries.length;
-		int low = 0;
-		do {
-			final int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
-			final int cmp = compareNames(entries[mid].getNameUTF8(), nameUTF8,
-					nameStart, nameEnd, TreeEntry.lastChar(entries[mid]), nameUTF8last);
-			if (cmp < 0)
-				low = mid + 1;
-			else if (cmp == 0)
-				return mid;
-			else
-				high = mid;
-		} while (low < high);
-		return -(low + 1);
-	}
-
-	private final Repository db;
-
-	private TreeEntry[] contents;
-
-	/**
-	 * Constructor for a new Tree
-	 *
-	 * @param repo The repository that owns the Tree.
-	 */
-	public Tree(final Repository repo) {
-		super(null, null, null);
-		db = repo;
-		contents = EMPTY_TREE;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Construct a Tree object with known content and hash value
-	 *
-	 * @param repo
-	 * @param myId
-	 * @param raw
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public Tree(final Repository repo, final ObjectId myId, final byte[] raw)
-			throws IOException {
-		super(null, myId, null);
-		db = repo;
-		readTree(raw);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Construct a new Tree under another Tree
-	 *
-	 * @param parent
-	 * @param nameUTF8
-	 */
-	public Tree(final Tree parent, final byte[] nameUTF8) {
-		super(parent, null, nameUTF8);
-		db = parent.getRepository();
-		contents = EMPTY_TREE;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Construct a Tree with a known SHA-1 under another tree. Data is not yet
-	 * specified and will have to be loaded on demand.
-	 *
-	 * @param parent
-	 * @param id
-	 * @param nameUTF8
-	 */
-	public Tree(final Tree parent, final ObjectId id, final byte[] nameUTF8) {
-		super(parent, id, nameUTF8);
-		db = parent.getRepository();
-	}
-
-	public FileMode getMode() {
-		return FileMode.TREE;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return true if this Tree is the top level Tree.
-	 */
-	public boolean isRoot() {
-		return getParent() == null;
-	}
-
-	public Repository getRepository() {
-		return db;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return true of the data of this Tree is loaded
-	 */
-	public boolean isLoaded() {
-		return contents != null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Forget the in-memory data for this tree.
-	 */
-	public void unload() {
-		if (isModified())
-			throw new IllegalStateException(JGitText.get().cannotUnloadAModifiedTree);
-		contents = null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Adds a new or existing file with the specified name to this tree.
-	 * Trees are added if necessary as the name may contain '/':s.
-	 *
-	 * @param name Name
-	 * @return a {@link FileTreeEntry} for the added file.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public FileTreeEntry addFile(final String name) throws IOException {
-		return addFile(Repository.gitInternalSlash(Constants.encode(name)), 0);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Adds a new or existing file with the specified name to this tree.
-	 * Trees are added if necessary as the name may contain '/':s.
-	 *
-	 * @param s an array containing the name
-	 * @param offset when the name starts in the tree.
-	 *
-	 * @return a {@link FileTreeEntry} for the added file.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public FileTreeEntry addFile(final byte[] s, final int offset)
-			throws IOException {
-		int slash;
-		int p;
-
-		for (slash = offset; slash < s.length && s[slash] != '/'; slash++) {
-			// search for path component terminator
-		}
-
-		ensureLoaded();
-		byte xlast = slash<s.length ? (byte)'/' : 0;
-		p = binarySearch(contents, s, xlast, offset, slash);
-		if (p >= 0 && slash < s.length && contents[p] instanceof Tree)
-			return ((Tree) contents[p]).addFile(s, slash + 1);
-
-		final byte[] newName = substring(s, offset, slash);
-		if (p >= 0)
-			throw new EntryExistsException(RawParseUtils.decode(newName));
-		else if (slash < s.length) {
-			final Tree t = new Tree(this, newName);
-			insertEntry(p, t);
-			return t.addFile(s, slash + 1);
-		} else {
-			final FileTreeEntry f = new FileTreeEntry(this, null, newName,
-					false);
-			insertEntry(p, f);
-			return f;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Adds a new or existing Tree with the specified name to this tree.
-	 * Trees are added if necessary as the name may contain '/':s.
-	 *
-	 * @param name Name
-	 * @return a {@link FileTreeEntry} for the added tree.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public Tree addTree(final String name) throws IOException {
-		return addTree(Repository.gitInternalSlash(Constants.encode(name)), 0);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Adds a new or existing Tree with the specified name to this tree.
-	 * Trees are added if necessary as the name may contain '/':s.
-	 *
-	 * @param s an array containing the name
-	 * @param offset when the name starts in the tree.
-	 *
-	 * @return a {@link FileTreeEntry} for the added tree.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public Tree addTree(final byte[] s, final int offset) throws IOException {
-		int slash;
-		int p;
-
-		for (slash = offset; slash < s.length && s[slash] != '/'; slash++) {
-			// search for path component terminator
-		}
-
-		ensureLoaded();
-		p = binarySearch(contents, s, (byte)'/', offset, slash);
-		if (p >= 0 && slash < s.length && contents[p] instanceof Tree)
-			return ((Tree) contents[p]).addTree(s, slash + 1);
-
-		final byte[] newName = substring(s, offset, slash);
-		if (p >= 0)
-			throw new EntryExistsException(RawParseUtils.decode(newName));
-
-		final Tree t = new Tree(this, newName);
-		insertEntry(p, t);
-		return slash == s.length ? t : t.addTree(s, slash + 1);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Add the specified tree entry to this tree.
-	 *
-	 * @param e
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public void addEntry(final TreeEntry e) throws IOException {
-		final int p;
-
-		ensureLoaded();
-		p = binarySearch(contents, e.getNameUTF8(), TreeEntry.lastChar(e), 0, e.getNameUTF8().length);
-		if (p < 0) {
-			e.attachParent(this);
-			insertEntry(p, e);
-		} else {
-			throw new EntryExistsException(e.getName());
-		}
-	}
-
-	private void insertEntry(int p, final TreeEntry e) {
-		final TreeEntry[] c = contents;
-		final TreeEntry[] n = new TreeEntry[c.length + 1];
-		p = -(p + 1);
-		for (int k = c.length - 1; k >= p; k--)
-			n[k + 1] = c[k];
-		n[p] = e;
-		for (int k = p - 1; k >= 0; k--)
-			n[k] = c[k];
-		contents = n;
-		setModified();
-	}
-
-	void removeEntry(final TreeEntry e) {
-		final TreeEntry[] c = contents;
-		final int p = binarySearch(c, e.getNameUTF8(), TreeEntry.lastChar(e), 0,
-				e.getNameUTF8().length);
-		if (p >= 0) {
-			final TreeEntry[] n = new TreeEntry[c.length - 1];
-			for (int k = c.length - 1; k > p; k--)
-				n[k - 1] = c[k];
-			for (int k = p - 1; k >= 0; k--)
-				n[k] = c[k];
-			contents = n;
-			setModified();
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return number of members in this tree
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public int memberCount() throws IOException {
-		ensureLoaded();
-		return contents.length;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Return all members of the tree sorted in Git order.
-	 *
-	 * Entries are sorted by the numerical unsigned byte
-	 * values with (sub)trees having an implicit '/'. An
-	 * example of a tree with three entries. a:b is an
-	 * actual file name here.
-	 *
-	 * <p>
-	 * 100644 blob e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391    a.b
-	 * 040000 tree 4277b6e69d25e5efa77c455340557b384a4c018a    a
-	 * 100644 blob e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391    a:b
-	 *
-	 * @return all entries in this Tree, sorted.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public TreeEntry[] members() throws IOException {
-		ensureLoaded();
-		final TreeEntry[] c = contents;
-		if (c.length != 0) {
-			final TreeEntry[] r = new TreeEntry[c.length];
-			for (int k = c.length - 1; k >= 0; k--)
-				r[k] = c[k];
-			return r;
-		} else
-			return c;
-	}
-
-	private boolean exists(final String s, byte slast) throws IOException {
-		return findMember(s, slast) != null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @param path to the tree.
-	 * @return true if a tree with the specified path can be found under this
-	 *         tree.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public boolean existsTree(String path) throws IOException {
-		return exists(path,(byte)'/');
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @param path of the non-tree entry.
-	 * @return true if a blob, symlink, or gitlink with the specified name
-	 *         can be found under this tree.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public boolean existsBlob(String path) throws IOException {
-		return exists(path,(byte)0);
-	}
-
-	private TreeEntry findMember(final String s, byte slast) throws IOException {
-		return findMember(Repository.gitInternalSlash(Constants.encode(s)), slast, 0);
-	}
-
-	private TreeEntry findMember(final byte[] s, final byte slast, final int offset)
-			throws IOException {
-		int slash;
-		int p;
-
-		for (slash = offset; slash < s.length && s[slash] != '/'; slash++) {
-			// search for path component terminator
-		}
-
-		ensureLoaded();
-		byte xlast = slash<s.length ? (byte)'/' : slast;
-		p = binarySearch(contents, s, xlast, offset, slash);
-		if (p >= 0) {
-			final TreeEntry r = contents[p];
-			if (slash < s.length-1)
-				return r instanceof Tree ? ((Tree) r).findMember(s, slast, slash + 1)
-						: null;
-			return r;
-		}
-		return null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @param s
-	 *            blob name
-	 * @return a {@link TreeEntry} representing an object with the specified
-	 *         relative path.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public TreeEntry findBlobMember(String s) throws IOException {
-		return findMember(s,(byte)0);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @param s Tree Name
-	 * @return a Tree with the name s or null
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public TreeEntry findTreeMember(String s) throws IOException {
-		return findMember(s,(byte)'/');
-	}
-
-	private void ensureLoaded() throws IOException, MissingObjectException {
-		if (!isLoaded()) {
-			ObjectLoader ldr = db.open(getId(), Constants.OBJ_TREE);
-			readTree(ldr.getCachedBytes());
-		}
-	}
-
-	private void readTree(final byte[] raw) throws IOException {
-		final int rawSize = raw.length;
-		int rawPtr = 0;
-		TreeEntry[] temp;
-		int nextIndex = 0;
-
-		while (rawPtr < rawSize) {
-			while (rawPtr < rawSize && raw[rawPtr] != 0)
-				rawPtr++;
-			rawPtr++;
-			rawPtr += Constants.OBJECT_ID_LENGTH;
-			nextIndex++;
-		}
-
-		temp = new TreeEntry[nextIndex];
-		rawPtr = 0;
-		nextIndex = 0;
-		while (rawPtr < rawSize) {
-			int c = raw[rawPtr++];
-			if (c < '0' || c > '7')
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(getId(), JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidEntryMode);
-			int mode = c - '0';
-			for (;;) {
-				c = raw[rawPtr++];
-				if (' ' == c)
-					break;
-				else if (c < '0' || c > '7')
-					throw new CorruptObjectException(getId(), JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidMode);
-				mode <<= 3;
-				mode += c - '0';
-			}
-
-			int nameLen = 0;
-			while (raw[rawPtr + nameLen] != 0)
-				nameLen++;
-			final byte[] name = new byte[nameLen];
-			System.arraycopy(raw, rawPtr, name, 0, nameLen);
-			rawPtr += nameLen + 1;
-
-			final ObjectId id = ObjectId.fromRaw(raw, rawPtr);
-			rawPtr += Constants.OBJECT_ID_LENGTH;
-
-			final TreeEntry ent;
-			if (FileMode.REGULAR_FILE.equals(mode))
-				ent = new FileTreeEntry(this, id, name, false);
-			else if (FileMode.EXECUTABLE_FILE.equals(mode))
-				ent = new FileTreeEntry(this, id, name, true);
-			else if (FileMode.TREE.equals(mode))
-				ent = new Tree(this, id, name);
-			else if (FileMode.SYMLINK.equals(mode))
-				ent = new SymlinkTreeEntry(this, id, name);
-			else if (FileMode.GITLINK.equals(mode))
-				ent = new GitlinkTreeEntry(this, id, name);
-			else
-				throw new CorruptObjectException(getId(), MessageFormat.format(
-						JGitText.get().corruptObjectInvalidMode2, Integer.toOctalString(mode)));
-			temp[nextIndex++] = ent;
-		}
-
-		contents = temp;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Format this Tree in canonical format.
-	 *
-	 * @return canonical encoding of the tree object.
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 *             the tree cannot be loaded, or its not in a writable state.
-	 */
-	public byte[] format() throws IOException {
-		TreeFormatter fmt = new TreeFormatter();
-		for (TreeEntry e : members()) {
-			ObjectId id = e.getId();
-			if (id == null)
-				throw new ObjectWritingException(MessageFormat.format(JGitText
-						.get().objectAtPathDoesNotHaveId, e.getFullName()));
-
-			fmt.append(e.getNameUTF8(), e.getMode(), id);
-		}
-		return fmt.toByteArray();
-	}
-
-	public String toString() {
-		final StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
-		r.append(ObjectId.toString(getId()));
-		r.append(" T "); //$NON-NLS-1$
-		r.append(getFullName());
-		return r.toString();
-	}
-
-}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/TreeEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/TreeEntry.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a1ffa68056..0000000000
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/lib/TreeEntry.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2007-2008, Robin Rosenberg <robin.rosenberg@dewire.com>
- * Copyright (C) 2006-2007, Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
- * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
- *
- * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
- * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
- * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
- * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
- *
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
- * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
- * conditions are met:
- *
- * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
- *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- *
- * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
- *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
- *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
- *   with the distribution.
- *
- * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
- *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
- *   products derived from this software without specific prior
- *   written permission.
- *
- * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
- * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
- * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
- * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
- * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
- * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
- * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
- * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
- * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
- * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
- * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
- * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
- * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
- */
-
-package org.eclipse.jgit.lib;
-
-import java.io.IOException;
-
-import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
-
-/**
- * This class represents an entry in a tree, like a blob or another tree.
- *
- * @deprecated To look up information about a single path, use
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk#forPath(Repository, String, org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk.RevTree)}.
- * To lookup information about multiple paths at once, use a
- * {@link org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.TreeWalk} and obtain the current entry's
- * information from its getter methods.
- */
-@Deprecated
-public abstract class TreeEntry implements Comparable {
-	private byte[] nameUTF8;
-
-	private Tree parent;
-
-	private ObjectId id;
-
-	/**
-	 * Construct a named tree entry.
-	 *
-	 * @param myParent
-	 * @param myId
-	 * @param myNameUTF8
-	 */
-	protected TreeEntry(final Tree myParent, final ObjectId myId,
-			final byte[] myNameUTF8) {
-		nameUTF8 = myNameUTF8;
-		parent = myParent;
-		id = myId;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return parent of this tree.
-	 */
-	public Tree getParent() {
-		return parent;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Delete this entry.
-	 */
-	public void delete() {
-		getParent().removeEntry(this);
-		detachParent();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Detach this entry from it's parent.
-	 */
-	public void detachParent() {
-		parent = null;
-	}
-
-	void attachParent(final Tree p) {
-		parent = p;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return the repository owning this entry.
-	 */
-	public Repository getRepository() {
-		return getParent().getRepository();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return the raw byte name of this entry.
-	 */
-	public byte[] getNameUTF8() {
-		return nameUTF8;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return the name of this entry.
-	 */
-	public String getName() {
-		if (nameUTF8 != null)
-			return RawParseUtils.decode(nameUTF8);
-		return null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Rename this entry.
-	 *
-	 * @param n The new name
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public void rename(final String n) throws IOException {
-		rename(Constants.encode(n));
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Rename this entry.
-	 *
-	 * @param n The new name
-	 * @throws IOException
-	 */
-	public void rename(final byte[] n) throws IOException {
-		final Tree t = getParent();
-		if (t != null) {
-			delete();
-		}
-		nameUTF8 = n;
-		if (t != null) {
-			t.addEntry(this);
-		}
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return true if this entry is new or modified since being loaded.
-	 */
-	public boolean isModified() {
-		return getId() == null;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Mark this entry as modified.
-	 */
-	public void setModified() {
-		setId(null);
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return SHA-1 of this tree entry (null for new unhashed entries)
-	 */
-	public ObjectId getId() {
-		return id;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Set (update) the SHA-1 of this entry. Invalidates the id's of all
-	 * entries above this entry as they will have to be recomputed.
-	 *
-	 * @param n SHA-1 for this entry.
-	 */
-	public void setId(final ObjectId n) {
-		// If we have a parent and our id is being cleared or changed then force
-		// the parent's id to become unset as it depends on our id.
-		//
-		final Tree p = getParent();
-		if (p != null && id != n) {
-			if ((id == null && n != null) || (id != null && n == null)
-					|| !id.equals(n)) {
-				p.setId(null);
-			}
-		}
-
-		id = n;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return repository relative name of this entry
-	 */
-	public String getFullName() {
-		final StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder();
-		appendFullName(r);
-		return r.toString();
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return repository relative name of the entry
-	 * FIXME better encoding
-	 */
-	public byte[] getFullNameUTF8() {
-		return getFullName().getBytes();
-	}
-
-	public int compareTo(final Object o) {
-		if (this == o)
-			return 0;
-		if (o instanceof TreeEntry)
-			return Tree.compareNames(nameUTF8, ((TreeEntry) o).nameUTF8, lastChar(this), lastChar((TreeEntry)o));
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * Helper for accessing tree/blob methods.
-	 *
-	 * @param treeEntry
-	 * @return '/' for Tree entries and NUL for non-treeish objects.
-	 */
-	final public static int lastChar(TreeEntry treeEntry) {
-		if (!(treeEntry instanceof Tree))
-			return '\0';
-		else
-			return '/';
-	}
-
-	/**
-	 * @return mode (type of object)
-	 */
-	public abstract FileMode getMode();
-
-	private void appendFullName(final StringBuilder r) {
-		final TreeEntry p = getParent();
-		final String n = getName();
-		if (p != null) {
-			p.appendFullName(r);
-			if (r.length() > 0) {
-				r.append('/');
-			}
-		}
-		if (n != null) {
-			r.append(n);
-		}
-	}
-}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/merge/MergeMessageFormatter.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/merge/MergeMessageFormatter.java
index 191f3d8366..82cbf368c7 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/merge/MergeMessageFormatter.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/merge/MergeMessageFormatter.java
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.ChangeIdUtil;
@@ -76,22 +77,22 @@ public class MergeMessageFormatter {
 		List<String> commits = new ArrayList<String>();
 		List<String> others = new ArrayList<String>();
 		for (Ref ref : refsToMerge) {
-			if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_HEADS))
+			if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_HEADS)) {
 				branches.add("'" + Repository.shortenRefName(ref.getName()) //$NON-NLS-1$
 						+ "'"); //$NON-NLS-1$
-
-			else if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_REMOTES))
+			} else if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_REMOTES)) {
 				remoteBranches.add("'" //$NON-NLS-1$
 						+ Repository.shortenRefName(ref.getName()) + "'"); //$NON-NLS-1$
-
-			else if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_TAGS))
+			} else if (ref.getName().startsWith(Constants.R_TAGS)) {
 				tags.add("'" + Repository.shortenRefName(ref.getName()) + "'"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-
-			else if (ref.getName().equals(ref.getObjectId().getName()))
-				commits.add("'" + ref.getName() + "'"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-
-			else
-				others.add(ref.getName());
+			} else {
+				ObjectId objectId = ref.getObjectId();
+				if (objectId != null && ref.getName().equals(objectId.getName())) {
+					commits.add("'" + ref.getName() + "'"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+				} else {
+					others.add(ref.getName());
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		List<String> listings = new ArrayList<String>();
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/notes/NonNoteEntry.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/notes/NonNoteEntry.java
index 6a2d44bca9..362328a963 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/notes/NonNoteEntry.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/notes/NonNoteEntry.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.TreeFormatter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths;
 
 /** A tree entry found in a note branch that isn't a valid note. */
 class NonNoteEntry extends ObjectId {
@@ -74,27 +75,8 @@ class NonNoteEntry extends ObjectId {
 	}
 
 	int pathCompare(byte[] bBuf, int bPos, int bLen, FileMode bMode) {
-		return pathCompare(name, 0, name.length, mode, //
-				bBuf, bPos, bLen, bMode);
-	}
-
-	private static int pathCompare(final byte[] aBuf, int aPos, final int aEnd,
-			final FileMode aMode, final byte[] bBuf, int bPos, final int bEnd,
-			final FileMode bMode) {
-		while (aPos < aEnd && bPos < bEnd) {
-			int cmp = (aBuf[aPos++] & 0xff) - (bBuf[bPos++] & 0xff);
-			if (cmp != 0)
-				return cmp;
-		}
-
-		if (aPos < aEnd)
-			return (aBuf[aPos] & 0xff) - lastPathChar(bMode);
-		if (bPos < bEnd)
-			return lastPathChar(aMode) - (bBuf[bPos] & 0xff);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	private static int lastPathChar(final FileMode mode) {
-		return FileMode.TREE.equals(mode.getBits()) ? '/' : '\0';
+		return Paths.compare(
+				name, 0, name.length, mode.getBits(),
+				bBuf, bPos, bLen, bMode.getBits());
 	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevCommit.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevCommit.java
index c23e4e3288..e67ada6022 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevCommit.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevCommit.java
@@ -44,12 +44,17 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk;
 
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
+import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.MissingObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.AnyObjectId;
@@ -441,12 +446,12 @@ public class RevCommit extends RevObject {
 	 * @return decoded commit message as a string. Never null.
 	 */
 	public final String getFullMessage() {
-		final byte[] raw = buffer;
-		final int msgB = RawParseUtils.commitMessage(raw, 0);
-		if (msgB < 0)
+		byte[] raw = buffer;
+		int msgB = RawParseUtils.commitMessage(raw, 0);
+		if (msgB < 0) {
 			return ""; //$NON-NLS-1$
-		final Charset enc = RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(raw);
-		return RawParseUtils.decode(enc, raw, msgB, raw.length);
+		}
+		return RawParseUtils.decode(guessEncoding(), raw, msgB, raw.length);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -465,16 +470,17 @@ public class RevCommit extends RevObject {
 	 *         spanned multiple lines. Embedded LFs are converted to spaces.
 	 */
 	public final String getShortMessage() {
-		final byte[] raw = buffer;
-		final int msgB = RawParseUtils.commitMessage(raw, 0);
-		if (msgB < 0)
+		byte[] raw = buffer;
+		int msgB = RawParseUtils.commitMessage(raw, 0);
+		if (msgB < 0) {
 			return ""; //$NON-NLS-1$
+		}
 
-		final Charset enc = RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(raw);
-		final int msgE = RawParseUtils.endOfParagraph(raw, msgB);
-		String str = RawParseUtils.decode(enc, raw, msgB, msgE);
-		if (hasLF(raw, msgB, msgE))
+		int msgE = RawParseUtils.endOfParagraph(raw, msgB);
+		String str = RawParseUtils.decode(guessEncoding(), raw, msgB, msgE);
+		if (hasLF(raw, msgB, msgE)) {
 			str = StringUtils.replaceLineBreaksWithSpace(str);
+		}
 		return str;
 	}
 
@@ -488,18 +494,49 @@ public class RevCommit extends RevObject {
 	/**
 	 * Determine the encoding of the commit message buffer.
 	 * <p>
+	 * Locates the "encoding" header (if present) and returns its value. Due to
+	 * corruption in the wild this may be an invalid encoding name that is not
+	 * recognized by any character encoding library.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If no encoding header is present, null.
+	 *
+	 * @return the preferred encoding of {@link #getRawBuffer()}; or null.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public final String getEncodingName() {
+		return RawParseUtils.parseEncodingName(buffer);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Determine the encoding of the commit message buffer.
+	 * <p>
 	 * Locates the "encoding" header (if present) and then returns the proper
 	 * character set to apply to this buffer to evaluate its contents as
 	 * character data.
 	 * <p>
-	 * If no encoding header is present, {@link Constants#CHARSET} is assumed.
+	 * If no encoding header is present {@code UTF-8} is assumed.
 	 *
 	 * @return the preferred encoding of {@link #getRawBuffer()}.
+	 * @throws IllegalCharsetNameException
+	 *             if the character set requested by the encoding header is
+	 *             malformed and unsupportable.
+	 * @throws UnsupportedCharsetException
+	 *             if the JRE does not support the character set requested by
+	 *             the encoding header.
 	 */
 	public final Charset getEncoding() {
 		return RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(buffer);
 	}
 
+	private Charset guessEncoding() {
+		try {
+			return getEncoding();
+		} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException | UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
+			return UTF_8;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Parse the footer lines (e.g. "Signed-off-by") for machine processing.
 	 * <p>
@@ -529,7 +566,7 @@ public class RevCommit extends RevObject {
 
 		final int msgB = RawParseUtils.commitMessage(raw, 0);
 		final ArrayList<FooterLine> r = new ArrayList<FooterLine>(4);
-		final Charset enc = getEncoding();
+		final Charset enc = guessEncoding();
 		for (;;) {
 			ptr = RawParseUtils.prevLF(raw, ptr);
 			if (ptr <= msgB)
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevTag.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevTag.java
index bf2785e0d7..81a54bf7ea 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevTag.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/revwalk/RevTag.java
@@ -45,8 +45,12 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.revwalk;
 
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+import java.nio.charset.IllegalCharsetNameException;
+import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ public class RevTag extends RevObject {
 
 		int p = pos.value += 4; // "tag "
 		final int nameEnd = RawParseUtils.nextLF(rawTag, p) - 1;
-		tagName = RawParseUtils.decode(Constants.CHARSET, rawTag, p, nameEnd);
+		tagName = RawParseUtils.decode(UTF_8, rawTag, p, nameEnd);
 
 		if (walk.isRetainBody())
 			buffer = rawTag;
@@ -207,12 +211,12 @@ public class RevTag extends RevObject {
 	 * @return decoded tag message as a string. Never null.
 	 */
 	public final String getFullMessage() {
-		final byte[] raw = buffer;
-		final int msgB = RawParseUtils.tagMessage(raw, 0);
-		if (msgB < 0)
+		byte[] raw = buffer;
+		int msgB = RawParseUtils.tagMessage(raw, 0);
+		if (msgB < 0) {
 			return ""; //$NON-NLS-1$
-		final Charset enc = RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(raw);
-		return RawParseUtils.decode(enc, raw, msgB, raw.length);
+		}
+		return RawParseUtils.decode(guessEncoding(), raw, msgB, raw.length);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -231,19 +235,28 @@ public class RevTag extends RevObject {
 	 *         multiple lines. Embedded LFs are converted to spaces.
 	 */
 	public final String getShortMessage() {
-		final byte[] raw = buffer;
-		final int msgB = RawParseUtils.tagMessage(raw, 0);
-		if (msgB < 0)
+		byte[] raw = buffer;
+		int msgB = RawParseUtils.tagMessage(raw, 0);
+		if (msgB < 0) {
 			return ""; //$NON-NLS-1$
+		}
 
-		final Charset enc = RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(raw);
-		final int msgE = RawParseUtils.endOfParagraph(raw, msgB);
-		String str = RawParseUtils.decode(enc, raw, msgB, msgE);
-		if (RevCommit.hasLF(raw, msgB, msgE))
+		int msgE = RawParseUtils.endOfParagraph(raw, msgB);
+		String str = RawParseUtils.decode(guessEncoding(), raw, msgB, msgE);
+		if (RevCommit.hasLF(raw, msgB, msgE)) {
 			str = StringUtils.replaceLineBreaksWithSpace(str);
+		}
 		return str;
 	}
 
+	private Charset guessEncoding() {
+		try {
+			return RawParseUtils.parseEncoding(buffer);
+		} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException | UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
+			return UTF_8;
+		}
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Get a reference to the object this tag was placed on.
 	 * <p>
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackConnection.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackConnection.java
index 7f9cec734d..aa36aeb1be 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackConnection.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackConnection.java
@@ -143,7 +143,9 @@ abstract class BasePackConnection extends BaseConnection {
 		final int timeout = transport.getTimeout();
 		if (timeout > 0) {
 			final Thread caller = Thread.currentThread();
-			myTimer = new InterruptTimer(caller.getName() + "-Timer"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+			if (myTimer == null) {
+				myTimer = new InterruptTimer(caller.getName() + "-Timer"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+			}
 			timeoutIn = new TimeoutInputStream(myIn, myTimer);
 			timeoutOut = new TimeoutOutputStream(myOut, myTimer);
 			timeoutIn.setTimeout(timeout * 1000);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackFetchConnection.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackFetchConnection.java
index cf13582db5..754cf361a9 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackFetchConnection.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackFetchConnection.java
@@ -464,8 +464,12 @@ public abstract class BasePackFetchConnection extends BasePackConnection
 		final PacketLineOut p = statelessRPC ? pckState : pckOut;
 		boolean first = true;
 		for (final Ref r : want) {
+			ObjectId objectId = r.getObjectId();
+			if (objectId == null) {
+				continue;
+			}
 			try {
-				if (walk.parseAny(r.getObjectId()).has(REACHABLE)) {
+				if (walk.parseAny(objectId).has(REACHABLE)) {
 					// We already have this object. Asking for it is
 					// not a very good idea.
 					//
@@ -478,7 +482,7 @@ public abstract class BasePackFetchConnection extends BasePackConnection
 
 			final StringBuilder line = new StringBuilder(46);
 			line.append("want "); //$NON-NLS-1$
-			line.append(r.getObjectId().name());
+			line.append(objectId.name());
 			if (first) {
 				line.append(enableCapabilities());
 				first = false;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackPushConnection.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackPushConnection.java
index 0834c359aa..963de35d41 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackPushConnection.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BasePackPushConnection.java
@@ -239,8 +239,11 @@ public abstract class BasePackPushConnection extends BasePackConnection implemen
 			final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
 			ObjectId oldId = rru.getExpectedOldObjectId();
 			if (oldId == null) {
-				Ref adv = getRef(rru.getRemoteName());
-				oldId = adv != null ? adv.getObjectId() : ObjectId.zeroId();
+				final Ref advertised = getRef(rru.getRemoteName());
+				oldId = advertised != null ? advertised.getObjectId() : null;
+				if (oldId == null) {
+					oldId = ObjectId.zeroId();
+				}
 			}
 			sb.append(oldId.name());
 			sb.append(' ');
@@ -382,7 +385,8 @@ public abstract class BasePackPushConnection extends BasePackConnection implemen
 		final int oldTimeout = timeoutIn.getTimeout();
 		final int sendTime = (int) Math.min(packTransferTime, 28800000L);
 		try {
-			timeoutIn.setTimeout(10 * Math.max(sendTime, oldTimeout));
+			int timeout = 10 * Math.max(sendTime, oldTimeout);
+			timeoutIn.setTimeout((timeout < 0) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : timeout);
 			return pckIn.readString();
 		} finally {
 			timeoutIn.setTimeout(oldTimeout);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BaseReceivePack.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BaseReceivePack.java
index 776a9f695a..a20e652553 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BaseReceivePack.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/BaseReceivePack.java
@@ -293,18 +293,20 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 		db = into;
 		walk = new RevWalk(db);
 
-		final ReceiveConfig cfg = db.getConfig().get(ReceiveConfig.KEY);
-		objectChecker = cfg.newObjectChecker();
-		allowCreates = cfg.allowCreates;
+		TransferConfig tc = db.getConfig().get(TransferConfig.KEY);
+		objectChecker = tc.newReceiveObjectChecker();
+
+		ReceiveConfig rc = db.getConfig().get(ReceiveConfig.KEY);
+		allowCreates = rc.allowCreates;
 		allowAnyDeletes = true;
-		allowBranchDeletes = cfg.allowDeletes;
-		allowNonFastForwards = cfg.allowNonFastForwards;
-		allowOfsDelta = cfg.allowOfsDelta;
+		allowBranchDeletes = rc.allowDeletes;
+		allowNonFastForwards = rc.allowNonFastForwards;
+		allowOfsDelta = rc.allowOfsDelta;
 		advertiseRefsHook = AdvertiseRefsHook.DEFAULT;
 		refFilter = RefFilter.DEFAULT;
 		advertisedHaves = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 		clientShallowCommits = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
-		signedPushConfig = cfg.signedPush;
+		signedPushConfig = rc.signedPush;
 	}
 
 	/** Configuration for receive operations. */
@@ -315,32 +317,13 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 			}
 		};
 
-		final boolean checkReceivedObjects;
-		final boolean allowLeadingZeroFileMode;
-		final boolean allowInvalidPersonIdent;
-		final boolean safeForWindows;
-		final boolean safeForMacOS;
-
 		final boolean allowCreates;
 		final boolean allowDeletes;
 		final boolean allowNonFastForwards;
 		final boolean allowOfsDelta;
-
 		final SignedPushConfig signedPush;
 
 		ReceiveConfig(final Config config) {
-			checkReceivedObjects = config.getBoolean(
-					"receive", "fsckobjects", //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-					config.getBoolean("transfer", "fsckobjects", false)); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-			allowLeadingZeroFileMode = checkReceivedObjects
-					&& config.getBoolean("fsck", "allowLeadingZeroFileMode", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-			allowInvalidPersonIdent = checkReceivedObjects
-					&& config.getBoolean("fsck", "allowInvalidPersonIdent", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-			safeForWindows = checkReceivedObjects
-					&& config.getBoolean("fsck", "safeForWindows", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-			safeForMacOS = checkReceivedObjects
-					&& config.getBoolean("fsck", "safeForMacOS", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-
 			allowCreates = true;
 			allowDeletes = !config.getBoolean("receive", "denydeletes", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
 			allowNonFastForwards = !config.getBoolean("receive", //$NON-NLS-1$
@@ -349,16 +332,6 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 					true);
 			signedPush = SignedPushConfig.KEY.parse(config);
 		}
-
-		ObjectChecker newObjectChecker() {
-			if (!checkReceivedObjects)
-				return null;
-			return new ObjectChecker()
-				.setAllowLeadingZeroFileMode(allowLeadingZeroFileMode)
-				.setAllowInvalidPersonIdent(allowInvalidPersonIdent)
-				.setSafeForWindows(safeForWindows)
-				.setSafeForMacOS(safeForMacOS);
-		}
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -1372,16 +1345,21 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if (cmd.getType() == ReceiveCommand.Type.DELETE && ref != null
-					&& !ObjectId.zeroId().equals(cmd.getOldId())
-					&& !ref.getObjectId().equals(cmd.getOldId())) {
-				// Delete commands can be sent with the old id matching our
-				// advertised value, *OR* with the old id being 0{40}. Any
-				// other requested old id is invalid.
-				//
-				cmd.setResult(Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
-						JGitText.get().invalidOldIdSent);
-				continue;
+			if (cmd.getType() == ReceiveCommand.Type.DELETE && ref != null) {
+				ObjectId id = ref.getObjectId();
+				if (id == null) {
+					id = ObjectId.zeroId();
+				}
+				if (!ObjectId.zeroId().equals(cmd.getOldId())
+						&& !id.equals(cmd.getOldId())) {
+					// Delete commands can be sent with the old id matching our
+					// advertised value, *OR* with the old id being 0{40}. Any
+					// other requested old id is invalid.
+					//
+					cmd.setResult(Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
+							JGitText.get().invalidOldIdSent);
+					continue;
+				}
 			}
 
 			if (cmd.getType() == ReceiveCommand.Type.UPDATE) {
@@ -1391,8 +1369,15 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 					cmd.setResult(Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON, JGitText.get().noSuchRef);
 					continue;
 				}
+				ObjectId id = ref.getObjectId();
+				if (id == null) {
+					// We cannot update unborn branch
+					cmd.setResult(Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
+							JGitText.get().cannotUpdateUnbornBranch);
+					continue;
+				}
 
-				if (!ref.getObjectId().equals(cmd.getOldId())) {
+				if (!id.equals(cmd.getOldId())) {
 					// A properly functioning client will send the same
 					// object id we advertised.
 					//
@@ -1468,10 +1453,7 @@ public abstract class BaseReceivePack {
 	 * @since 3.6
 	 */
 	protected void failPendingCommands() {
-		for (ReceiveCommand cmd : commands) {
-			if (cmd.getResult() == Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED)
-				cmd.setResult(Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON, JGitText.get().transactionAborted);
-		}
+		ReceiveCommand.abort(commands);
 	}
 
 	/**
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ChainingCredentialsProvider.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ChainingCredentialsProvider.java
index 3e0ee2f645..3941d3c552 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ChainingCredentialsProvider.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ChainingCredentialsProvider.java
@@ -113,19 +113,18 @@ public class ChainingCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider {
 			throws UnsupportedCredentialItem {
 		for (CredentialsProvider p : credentialProviders) {
 			if (p.supports(items)) {
-				p.get(uri, items);
-				if (isAnyNull(items))
+				if (!p.get(uri, items)) {
+					if (p.isInteractive()) {
+						return false; // user cancelled the request
+					}
 					continue;
+				}
+				if (isAnyNull(items)) {
+					continue;
+				}
 				return true;
 			}
 		}
 		return false;
 	}
-
-	private boolean isAnyNull(CredentialItem... items) {
-		for (CredentialItem i : items)
-			if (i == null)
-				return true;
-		return false;
-	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Connection.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Connection.java
index 0ff9fcea74..da288ec31e 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Connection.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Connection.java
@@ -59,8 +59,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
  *
  * @see Transport
  */
-public interface Connection {
-
+public interface Connection extends AutoCloseable {
 	/**
 	 * Get the complete map of refs advertised as available for fetching or
 	 * pushing.
@@ -108,6 +107,10 @@ public interface Connection {
 	 * <p>
 	 * If additional messages were produced by the remote peer, these should
 	 * still be retained in the connection instance for {@link #getMessages()}.
+	 * <p>
+	 * {@code AutoClosable.close()} declares that it throws {@link Exception}.
+	 * Implementers shouldn't throw checked exceptions. This override narrows
+	 * the signature to prevent them from doing so.
 	 */
 	public void close();
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/CredentialsProvider.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/CredentialsProvider.java
index 464d0f9ee5..4800f6826f 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/CredentialsProvider.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/CredentialsProvider.java
@@ -81,6 +81,20 @@ public abstract class CredentialsProvider {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * @param items
+	 *            credential items to check
+	 * @return {@code true} if any of the passed items is null, {@code false}
+	 *         otherwise
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	protected static boolean isAnyNull(CredentialItem... items) {
+		for (CredentialItem i : items)
+			if (i == null)
+				return true;
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Check if the provider is interactive with the end-user.
 	 *
 	 * An interactive provider may try to open a dialog box, or prompt for input
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/FetchProcess.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/FetchProcess.java
index 9aae1c37aa..c4b3f83048 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/FetchProcess.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/FetchProcess.java
@@ -397,11 +397,17 @@ class FetchProcess {
 	private void expandFetchTags() throws TransportException {
 		final Map<String, Ref> haveRefs = localRefs();
 		for (final Ref r : conn.getRefs()) {
-			if (!isTag(r))
+			if (!isTag(r)) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			ObjectId id = r.getObjectId();
+			if (id == null) {
 				continue;
+			}
 			final Ref local = haveRefs.get(r.getName());
-			if (local == null || !r.getObjectId().equals(local.getObjectId()))
+			if (local == null || !id.equals(local.getObjectId())) {
 				wantTag(r);
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -413,6 +419,11 @@ class FetchProcess {
 	private void want(final Ref src, final RefSpec spec)
 			throws TransportException {
 		final ObjectId newId = src.getObjectId();
+		if (newId == null) {
+			throw new NullPointerException(MessageFormat.format(
+					JGitText.get().transportProvidedRefWithNoObjectId,
+					src.getName()));
+		}
 		if (spec.getDestination() != null) {
 			final TrackingRefUpdate tru = createUpdate(spec, newId);
 			if (newId.equals(tru.getOldObjectId()))
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/JschSession.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/JschSession.java
index 85109a5bf0..1dfe5d9797 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/JschSession.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/JschSession.java
@@ -149,14 +149,27 @@ public class JschSession implements RemoteSession {
 				channel.setCommand(commandName);
 				setupStreams();
 				channel.connect(timeout > 0 ? timeout * 1000 : 0);
-				if (!channel.isConnected())
+				if (!channel.isConnected()) {
+					closeOutputStream();
 					throw new TransportException(uri,
 							JGitText.get().connectionFailed);
+				}
 			} catch (JSchException e) {
+				closeOutputStream();
 				throw new TransportException(uri, e.getMessage(), e);
 			}
 		}
 
+		private void closeOutputStream() {
+			if (outputStream != null) {
+				try {
+					outputStream.close();
+				} catch (IOException ioe) {
+					// ignore
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		private void setupStreams() throws IOException {
 			inputStream = channel.getInputStream();
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/NetRCCredentialsProvider.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/NetRCCredentialsProvider.java
index 74909998ce..4037545e9d 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/NetRCCredentialsProvider.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/NetRCCredentialsProvider.java
@@ -105,12 +105,11 @@ public class NetRCCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider {
 			throw new UnsupportedCredentialItem(uri, i.getClass().getName()
 					+ ":" + i.getPromptText()); //$NON-NLS-1$
 		}
-		return true;
+		return !isAnyNull(items);
 	}
 
 	@Override
 	public boolean isInteractive() {
 		return false;
 	}
-
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PackParser.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PackParser.java
index 6e5fc9f009..b96fe885e1 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PackParser.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PackParser.java
@@ -1049,8 +1049,11 @@ public abstract class PackParser {
 			final byte[] data) throws IOException {
 		if (objCheck != null) {
 			try {
-				objCheck.check(type, data);
+				objCheck.check(id, type, data);
 			} catch (CorruptObjectException e) {
+				if (e.getErrorType() != null) {
+					throw e;
+				}
 				throw new CorruptObjectException(MessageFormat.format(
 						JGitText.get().invalidObject,
 						Constants.typeString(type),
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ProgressSpinner.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ProgressSpinner.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac048a14a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ProgressSpinner.java
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.transport;
+
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * A simple spinner connected to an {@code OutputStream}.
+ * <p>
+ * This is class is not thread-safe. The update method may only be used from a
+ * single thread. Updates are sent only as frequently as {@link #update()} is
+ * invoked by the caller, and are capped at no more than 2 times per second by
+ * requiring at least 500 milliseconds between updates.
+ *
+ * @since 4.2
+ */
+public class ProgressSpinner {
+	private static final long MIN_REFRESH_MILLIS = 500;
+	private static final char[] STATES = new char[] { '-', '\\', '|', '/' };
+
+	private final OutputStream out;
+	private String msg;
+	private int state;
+	private boolean write;
+	private boolean shown;
+	private long nextUpdateMillis;
+
+	/**
+	 * Initialize a new spinner.
+	 *
+	 * @param out
+	 *            where to send output to.
+	 */
+	public ProgressSpinner(OutputStream out) {
+		this.out = out;
+		this.write = true;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Begin a time consuming task.
+	 *
+	 * @param title
+	 *            description of the task, suitable for human viewing.
+	 * @param delay
+	 *            delay to wait before displaying anything at all.
+	 * @param delayUnits
+	 *            unit for {@code delay}.
+	 */
+	public void beginTask(String title, long delay, TimeUnit delayUnits) {
+		msg = title;
+		state = 0;
+		shown = false;
+
+		long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		if (delay > 0) {
+			nextUpdateMillis = now + delayUnits.toMillis(delay);
+		} else {
+			send(now);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/** Update the spinner if it is showing. */
+	public void update() {
+		long now = System.currentTimeMillis();
+		if (now >= nextUpdateMillis) {
+			send(now);
+			state = (state + 1) % STATES.length;
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void send(long now) {
+		StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder(msg.length() + 16);
+		buf.append('\r').append(msg).append("... ("); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		buf.append(STATES[state]);
+		buf.append(")  "); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		shown = true;
+		write(buf.toString());
+		nextUpdateMillis = now + MIN_REFRESH_MILLIS;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Denote the current task completed.
+	 *
+	 * @param result
+	 *            text to print after the task's title
+	 *            {@code "$title ... $result"}.
+	 */
+	public void endTask(String result) {
+		if (shown) {
+			write('\r' + msg + "... " + result + "\n"); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		}
+	}
+
+	private void write(String s) {
+		if (write) {
+			try {
+				out.write(s.getBytes(UTF_8));
+				out.flush();
+			} catch (IOException e) {
+				write = false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PushProcess.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PushProcess.java
index 4fd192dbb2..5cea88215a 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PushProcess.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/PushProcess.java
@@ -188,8 +188,13 @@ class PushProcess {
 		final Map<String, RemoteRefUpdate> result = new HashMap<String, RemoteRefUpdate>();
 		for (final RemoteRefUpdate rru : toPush.values()) {
 			final Ref advertisedRef = connection.getRef(rru.getRemoteName());
-			final ObjectId advertisedOld = (advertisedRef == null ? ObjectId
-					.zeroId() : advertisedRef.getObjectId());
+			ObjectId advertisedOld = null;
+			if (advertisedRef != null) {
+				advertisedOld = advertisedRef.getObjectId();
+			}
+			if (advertisedOld == null) {
+				advertisedOld = ObjectId.zeroId();
+			}
 
 			if (rru.getNewObjectId().equals(advertisedOld)) {
 				if (rru.isDelete()) {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ReceiveCommand.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ReceiveCommand.java
index 5702b6d7b9..2b21c4a8fe 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ReceiveCommand.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/ReceiveCommand.java
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.transport;
 
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.NOT_ATTEMPTED;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.transport.ReceiveCommand.Result.REJECTED_OTHER_REASON;
+
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.text.MessageFormat;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -168,6 +171,25 @@ public class ReceiveCommand {
 		return filter((Iterable<ReceiveCommand>) commands, want);
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Set unprocessed commands as failed due to transaction aborted.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If a command is still {@link Result#NOT_ATTEMPTED} it will be set to
+	 * {@link Result#REJECTED_OTHER_REASON}.
+	 *
+	 * @param commands
+	 *            commands to mark as failed.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	public static void abort(Iterable<ReceiveCommand> commands) {
+		for (ReceiveCommand c : commands) {
+			if (c.getResult() == NOT_ATTEMPTED) {
+				c.setResult(REJECTED_OTHER_REASON,
+						JGitText.get().transactionAborted);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	private final ObjectId oldId;
 
 	private final ObjectId newId;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/RefSpec.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/RefSpec.java
index 66ffc3abe9..0e803bdaf7 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/RefSpec.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/RefSpec.java
@@ -457,10 +457,6 @@ public class RefSpec implements Serializable {
 		if (i != -1) {
 			if (s.indexOf('*', i + 1) > i)
 				return false;
-			if (i > 0 && s.charAt(i - 1) != '/')
-				return false;
-			if (i < s.length() - 1 && s.charAt(i + 1) != '/')
-				return false;
 		}
 		return true;
 	}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/SideBandInputStream.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/SideBandInputStream.java
index cf388e2718..fe9f2a3155 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/SideBandInputStream.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/SideBandInputStream.java
@@ -78,12 +78,8 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
  * @see SideBandOutputStream
  */
 class SideBandInputStream extends InputStream {
-	private static final String PFX_REMOTE = JGitText.get().prefixRemote;
-
 	static final int CH_DATA = 1;
-
 	static final int CH_PROGRESS = 2;
-
 	static final int CH_ERROR = 3;
 
 	private static Pattern P_UNBOUNDED = Pattern
@@ -174,7 +170,7 @@ class SideBandInputStream extends InputStream {
 				continue;
 			case CH_ERROR:
 				eof = true;
-				throw new TransportException(PFX_REMOTE + readString(available));
+				throw new TransportException(remote(readString(available)));
 			default:
 				throw new PackProtocolException(
 						MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().invalidChannel,
@@ -241,7 +237,18 @@ class SideBandInputStream extends InputStream {
 	}
 
 	private void beginTask(final int totalWorkUnits) {
-		monitor.beginTask(PFX_REMOTE + currentTask, totalWorkUnits);
+		monitor.beginTask(remote(currentTask), totalWorkUnits);
+	}
+
+	private static String remote(String msg) {
+		String prefix = JGitText.get().prefixRemote;
+		StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder(prefix.length() + msg.length() + 1);
+		r.append(prefix);
+		if (prefix.length() > 0 && prefix.charAt(prefix.length() - 1) != ' ') {
+			r.append(' ');
+		}
+		r.append(msg);
+		return r.toString();
 	}
 
 	private String readString(final int len) throws IOException {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/TransferConfig.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/TransferConfig.java
index f0c513427a..72c9c8b93e 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/TransferConfig.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/TransferConfig.java
@@ -43,12 +43,20 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.transport;
 
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.StringUtils.equalsIgnoreCase;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.util.StringUtils.toLowerCase;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.util.EnumSet;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.internal.storage.file.LazyObjectIdSetFile;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Config.SectionParser;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectIdSet;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Ref;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Repository;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.SystemReader;
@@ -58,6 +66,8 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.util.SystemReader;
  * parameters.
  */
 public class TransferConfig {
+	private static final String FSCK = "fsck"; //$NON-NLS-1$
+
 	/** Key for {@link Config#get(SectionParser)}. */
 	public static final Config.SectionParser<TransferConfig> KEY = new SectionParser<TransferConfig>() {
 		public TransferConfig parse(final Config cfg) {
@@ -65,8 +75,14 @@ public class TransferConfig {
 		}
 	};
 
-	private final boolean checkReceivedObjects;
-	private final boolean allowLeadingZeroFileMode;
+	enum FsckMode {
+		ERROR, WARN, IGNORE;
+	}
+
+	private final boolean fetchFsck;
+	private final boolean receiveFsck;
+	private final String fsckSkipList;
+	private final EnumSet<ObjectChecker.ErrorType> ignore;
 	private final boolean allowInvalidPersonIdent;
 	private final boolean safeForWindows;
 	private final boolean safeForMacOS;
@@ -79,20 +95,47 @@ public class TransferConfig {
 	}
 
 	TransferConfig(final Config rc) {
-		checkReceivedObjects = rc.getBoolean(
-				"fetch", "fsckobjects", //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-				rc.getBoolean("transfer", "fsckobjects", false)); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-		allowLeadingZeroFileMode = checkReceivedObjects
-				&& rc.getBoolean("fsck", "allowLeadingZeroFileMode", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-		allowInvalidPersonIdent = checkReceivedObjects
-				&& rc.getBoolean("fsck", "allowInvalidPersonIdent", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
-		safeForWindows = checkReceivedObjects
-				&& rc.getBoolean("fsck", "safeForWindows", //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		boolean fsck = rc.getBoolean("transfer", "fsckobjects", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		fetchFsck = rc.getBoolean("fetch", "fsckobjects", fsck); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		receiveFsck = rc.getBoolean("receive", "fsckobjects", fsck); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		fsckSkipList = rc.getString(FSCK, null, "skipList"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		allowInvalidPersonIdent = rc.getBoolean(FSCK, "allowInvalidPersonIdent", false); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		safeForWindows = rc.getBoolean(FSCK, "safeForWindows", //$NON-NLS-1$
 						SystemReader.getInstance().isWindows());
-		safeForMacOS = checkReceivedObjects
-				&& rc.getBoolean("fsck", "safeForMacOS", //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		safeForMacOS = rc.getBoolean(FSCK, "safeForMacOS", //$NON-NLS-1$
 						SystemReader.getInstance().isMacOS());
 
+		ignore = EnumSet.noneOf(ObjectChecker.ErrorType.class);
+		EnumSet<ObjectChecker.ErrorType> set = EnumSet
+				.noneOf(ObjectChecker.ErrorType.class);
+		for (String key : rc.getNames(FSCK)) {
+			if (equalsIgnoreCase(key, "skipList") //$NON-NLS-1$
+					|| equalsIgnoreCase(key, "allowLeadingZeroFileMode") //$NON-NLS-1$
+					|| equalsIgnoreCase(key, "allowInvalidPersonIdent") //$NON-NLS-1$
+					|| equalsIgnoreCase(key, "safeForWindows") //$NON-NLS-1$
+					|| equalsIgnoreCase(key, "safeForMacOS")) { //$NON-NLS-1$
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			ObjectChecker.ErrorType id = FsckKeyNameHolder.parse(key);
+			if (id != null) {
+				switch (rc.getEnum(FSCK, null, key, FsckMode.ERROR)) {
+				case ERROR:
+					ignore.remove(id);
+					break;
+				case WARN:
+				case IGNORE:
+					ignore.add(id);
+					break;
+				}
+				set.add(id);
+			}
+		}
+		if (!set.contains(ObjectChecker.ErrorType.ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE)
+				&& rc.getBoolean(FSCK, "allowLeadingZeroFileMode", false)) { //$NON-NLS-1$
+			ignore.add(ObjectChecker.ErrorType.ZERO_PADDED_FILEMODE);
+		}
+
 		allowTipSha1InWant = rc.getBoolean(
 				"uploadpack", "allowtipsha1inwant", false); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
 		allowReachableSha1InWant = rc.getBoolean(
@@ -105,14 +148,38 @@ public class TransferConfig {
 	 *         enabled in the repository configuration.
 	 * @since 3.6
 	 */
+	@Nullable
 	public ObjectChecker newObjectChecker() {
-		if (!checkReceivedObjects)
+		return newObjectChecker(fetchFsck);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * @return checker to verify objects pushed into this repository, or null if
+	 *         checking is not enabled in the repository configuration.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public ObjectChecker newReceiveObjectChecker() {
+		return newObjectChecker(receiveFsck);
+	}
+
+	private ObjectChecker newObjectChecker(boolean check) {
+		if (!check) {
 			return null;
+		}
 		return new ObjectChecker()
-			.setAllowLeadingZeroFileMode(allowLeadingZeroFileMode)
+			.setIgnore(ignore)
 			.setAllowInvalidPersonIdent(allowInvalidPersonIdent)
 			.setSafeForWindows(safeForWindows)
-			.setSafeForMacOS(safeForMacOS);
+			.setSafeForMacOS(safeForMacOS)
+			.setSkipList(skipList());
+	}
+
+	private ObjectIdSet skipList() {
+		if (fsckSkipList != null && !fsckSkipList.isEmpty()) {
+			return new LazyObjectIdSetFile(new File(fsckSkipList));
+		}
+		return null;
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -161,4 +228,34 @@ public class TransferConfig {
 			}
 		};
 	}
+
+	static class FsckKeyNameHolder {
+		private static final Map<String, ObjectChecker.ErrorType> errors;
+
+		static {
+			errors = new HashMap<>();
+			for (ObjectChecker.ErrorType m : ObjectChecker.ErrorType.values()) {
+				errors.put(keyNameFor(m.name()), m);
+			}
+		}
+
+		@Nullable
+		static ObjectChecker.ErrorType parse(String key) {
+			return errors.get(toLowerCase(key));
+		}
+
+		private static String keyNameFor(String name) {
+			StringBuilder r = new StringBuilder(name.length());
+			for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); i++) {
+				char c = name.charAt(i);
+				if (c != '_') {
+					r.append(c);
+				}
+			}
+			return toLowerCase(r.toString());
+		}
+
+		private FsckKeyNameHolder() {
+		}
+	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Transport.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Transport.java
index 6af153cbc9..9e6d1f68f5 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Transport.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/Transport.java
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.storage.pack.PackConfig;
  * Transport instances and the connections they create are not thread-safe.
  * Callers must ensure a transport is accessed by only one thread at a time.
  */
-public abstract class Transport {
+public abstract class Transport implements AutoCloseable {
 	/** Type of operation a Transport is being opened for. */
 	public enum Operation {
 		/** Transport is to fetch objects locally. */
@@ -1353,6 +1353,10 @@ public abstract class Transport {
 	 * must close that network socket, disconnecting the two peers. If the
 	 * remote repository is actually local (same system) this method must close
 	 * any open file handles used to read the "remote" repository.
+	 * <p>
+	 * {@code AutoClosable.close()} declares that it throws {@link Exception}.
+	 * Implementers shouldn't throw checked exceptions. This override narrows
+	 * the signature to prevent them from doing so.
 	 */
 	public abstract void close();
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/URIish.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/URIish.java
index 2f9dfa1d6b..3ee2feb140 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/URIish.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/URIish.java
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public class URIish implements Serializable {
 	 * capturing groups: the first containing the user and the second containing
 	 * the password
 	 */
-	private static final String OPT_USER_PWD_P = "(?:([^/:@]+)(?::([^\\\\/]+))?@)?"; //$NON-NLS-1$
+	private static final String OPT_USER_PWD_P = "(?:([^/:]+)(?::([^\\\\/]+))?@)?"; //$NON-NLS-1$
 
 	/**
 	 * Part of a pattern which matches the host part of URIs. Defines one
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/WalkFetchConnection.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/WalkFetchConnection.java
index 1c6b8b7363..17edfdc4fb 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/WalkFetchConnection.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/transport/WalkFetchConnection.java
@@ -267,6 +267,10 @@ class WalkFetchConnection extends BaseFetchConnection {
 		final HashSet<ObjectId> inWorkQueue = new HashSet<ObjectId>();
 		for (final Ref r : want) {
 			final ObjectId id = r.getObjectId();
+			if (id == null) {
+				throw new NullPointerException(MessageFormat.format(
+						JGitText.get().transportProvidedRefWithNoObjectId, r.getName()));
+			}
 			try {
 				final RevObject obj = revWalk.parseAny(id);
 				if (obj.has(COMPLETE))
@@ -633,10 +637,11 @@ class WalkFetchConnection extends BaseFetchConnection {
 		final byte[] raw = uol.getCachedBytes();
 		if (objCheck != null) {
 			try {
-				objCheck.check(type, raw);
+				objCheck.check(id, type, raw);
 			} catch (CorruptObjectException e) {
-				throw new TransportException(MessageFormat.format(JGitText.get().transportExceptionInvalid
-						, Constants.typeString(type), id.name(), e.getMessage()));
+				throw new TransportException(MessageFormat.format(
+						JGitText.get().transportExceptionInvalid,
+						Constants.typeString(type), id.name(), e.getMessage()));
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/AbstractTreeIterator.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/AbstractTreeIterator.java
index 5e71889574..58136355eb 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/AbstractTreeIterator.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/AbstractTreeIterator.java
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.MutableObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectId;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectReader;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk.filter.TreeFilter;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths;
 
 /**
  * Walks a Git tree (directory) in Git sort order.
@@ -382,20 +383,9 @@ public abstract class AbstractTreeIterator {
 	}
 
 	private int pathCompare(byte[] b, int bPos, int bEnd, int bMode, int aPos) {
-		final byte[] a = path;
-		final int aEnd = pathLen;
-
-		for (; aPos < aEnd && bPos < bEnd; aPos++, bPos++) {
-			final int cmp = (a[aPos] & 0xff) - (b[bPos] & 0xff);
-			if (cmp != 0)
-				return cmp;
-		}
-
-		if (aPos < aEnd)
-			return (a[aPos] & 0xff) - lastPathChar(bMode);
-		if (bPos < bEnd)
-			return lastPathChar(mode) - (b[bPos] & 0xff);
-		return lastPathChar(mode) - lastPathChar(bMode);
+		return Paths.compare(
+				path, aPos, pathLen, mode,
+				b, bPos, bEnd, bMode);
 	}
 
 	private static int alreadyMatch(AbstractTreeIterator a,
@@ -412,10 +402,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractTreeIterator {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private static int lastPathChar(final int mode) {
-		return FileMode.TREE.equals(mode) ? '/' : '\0';
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Check if the current entry of both iterators has the same id.
 	 * <p>
@@ -692,6 +678,14 @@ public abstract class AbstractTreeIterator {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * @return true if the iterator implements {@link #stopWalk()}.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	protected boolean needsStopWalk() {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * @return the length of the name component of the path for the current entry
 	 */
 	public int getNameLength() {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/EmptyTreeIterator.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/EmptyTreeIterator.java
index 8dbf80e6a8..ec4a84eff3 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/EmptyTreeIterator.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/EmptyTreeIterator.java
@@ -142,4 +142,9 @@ public class EmptyTreeIterator extends AbstractTreeIterator {
 		if (parent != null)
 			parent.stopWalk();
 	}
+
+	@Override
+	protected boolean needsStopWalk() {
+		return parent != null && parent.needsStopWalk();
+	}
 }
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/NameConflictTreeWalk.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/NameConflictTreeWalk.java
index 350f563964..d2195a874c 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/NameConflictTreeWalk.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/NameConflictTreeWalk.java
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.treewalk;
 
+import java.io.IOException;
+
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheBuilder;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode;
@@ -338,6 +340,41 @@ public class NameConflictTreeWalk extends TreeWalk {
 			dfConflict = null;
 	}
 
+	void stopWalk() throws IOException {
+		if (!needsStopWalk()) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		// Name conflicts make aborting early difficult. Multiple paths may
+		// exist between the file and directory versions of a name. To ensure
+		// the directory version is skipped over (as it was previously visited
+		// during the file version step) requires popping up the stack and
+		// finishing out each subtree that the walker dove into. Siblings in
+		// parents do not need to be recursed into, bounding the cost.
+		for (;;) {
+			AbstractTreeIterator t = min();
+			if (t.eof()) {
+				if (depth > 0) {
+					exitSubtree();
+					popEntriesEqual();
+					continue;
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+			currentHead = t;
+			skipEntriesEqual();
+		}
+	}
+
+	private boolean needsStopWalk() {
+		for (AbstractTreeIterator t : trees) {
+			if (t.needsStopWalk()) {
+				return true;
+			}
+		}
+		return false;
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * True if the current entry is covered by a directory/file conflict.
 	 *
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/TreeWalk.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/TreeWalk.java
index 06dc0bf6d0..5cd713da78 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/TreeWalk.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/TreeWalk.java
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.attributes.Attributes;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.attributes.AttributesNode;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.attributes.AttributesNodeProvider;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.attributes.AttributesProvider;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheBuildIterator;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.dircache.DirCacheIterator;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.CorruptObjectException;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.errors.IncorrectObjectTypeException;
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 
 	private boolean postOrderTraversal;
 
-	private int depth;
+	int depth;
 
 	private boolean advance;
 
@@ -573,18 +574,13 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 	 * @param p
 	 *            an iterator to walk over. The iterator should be new, with no
 	 *            parent, and should still be positioned before the first entry.
-	 *            The tree which the iterator operates on must have the same root
-	 *            as other trees in the walk.
-	 *
+	 *            The tree which the iterator operates on must have the same
+	 *            root as other trees in the walk.
 	 * @return position of this tree within the walker.
-	 * @throws CorruptObjectException
-	 *             the iterator was unable to obtain its first entry, due to
-	 *             possible data corruption within the backing data store.
 	 */
-	public int addTree(final AbstractTreeIterator p)
-			throws CorruptObjectException {
-		final int n = trees.length;
-		final AbstractTreeIterator[] newTrees = new AbstractTreeIterator[n + 1];
+	public int addTree(AbstractTreeIterator p) {
+		int n = trees.length;
+		AbstractTreeIterator[] newTrees = new AbstractTreeIterator[n + 1];
 
 		System.arraycopy(trees, 0, newTrees, 0, n);
 		newTrees[n] = p;
@@ -665,13 +661,30 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 				return true;
 			}
 		} catch (StopWalkException stop) {
-			for (final AbstractTreeIterator t : trees)
-				t.stopWalk();
+			stopWalk();
 			return false;
 		}
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Notify iterators the walk is aborting.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Primarily to notify {@link DirCacheBuildIterator} the walk is aborting so
+	 * that it can copy any remaining entries.
+	 *
+	 * @throws IOException
+	 *             if traversal of remaining entries throws an exception during
+	 *             object access. This should never occur as remaining trees
+	 *             should already be in memory, however the methods used to
+	 *             finish traversal are declared to throw IOException.
+	 */
+	void stopWalk() throws IOException {
+		for (AbstractTreeIterator t : trees) {
+			t.stopWalk();
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Obtain the tree iterator for the current entry.
 	 * <p>
 	 * Entering into (or exiting out of) a subtree causes the current tree
@@ -861,10 +874,13 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 	 * Test if the supplied path matches the current entry's path.
 	 * <p>
 	 * This method tests that the supplied path is exactly equal to the current
-	 * entry, or is one of its parent directories. It is faster to use this
+	 * entry or is one of its parent directories. It is faster to use this
 	 * method then to use {@link #getPathString()} to first create a String
 	 * object, then test <code>startsWith</code> or some other type of string
 	 * match function.
+	 * <p>
+	 * If the current entry is a subtree, then all paths within the subtree
+	 * are considered to match it.
 	 *
 	 * @param p
 	 *            path buffer to test. Callers should ensure the path does not
@@ -900,7 +916,7 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 			// If p[ci] == '/' then pattern matches this subtree,
 			// otherwise we cannot be certain so we return -1.
 			//
-			return p[ci] == '/' ? 0 : -1;
+			return p[ci] == '/' && FileMode.TREE.equals(t.mode) ? 0 : -1;
 		}
 
 		// Both strings are identical.
@@ -1062,7 +1078,7 @@ public class TreeWalk implements AutoCloseable, AttributesProvider {
 		}
 	}
 
-	private void exitSubtree() {
+	void exitSubtree() {
 		depth--;
 		for (int i = 0; i < trees.length; i++)
 			trees[i] = trees[i].parent;
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/WorkingTreeIterator.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/WorkingTreeIterator.java
index 94beeeb56f..0d617ee7f9 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/WorkingTreeIterator.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/WorkingTreeIterator.java
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ import org.eclipse.jgit.submodule.SubmoduleWalk;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.FS;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.FS.ExecutionResult;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.IO;
+import org.eclipse.jgit.util.Paths;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.RawParseUtils;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.util.io.EolCanonicalizingInputStream;
 
@@ -692,31 +693,13 @@ public abstract class WorkingTreeIterator extends AbstractTreeIterator {
 	}
 
 	private static final Comparator<Entry> ENTRY_CMP = new Comparator<Entry>() {
-		public int compare(final Entry o1, final Entry o2) {
-			final byte[] a = o1.encodedName;
-			final byte[] b = o2.encodedName;
-			final int aLen = o1.encodedNameLen;
-			final int bLen = o2.encodedNameLen;
-			int cPos;
-
-			for (cPos = 0; cPos < aLen && cPos < bLen; cPos++) {
-				final int cmp = (a[cPos] & 0xff) - (b[cPos] & 0xff);
-				if (cmp != 0)
-					return cmp;
-			}
-
-			if (cPos < aLen)
-				return (a[cPos] & 0xff) - lastPathChar(o2);
-			if (cPos < bLen)
-				return lastPathChar(o1) - (b[cPos] & 0xff);
-			return lastPathChar(o1) - lastPathChar(o2);
+		public int compare(Entry a, Entry b) {
+			return Paths.compare(
+					a.encodedName, 0, a.encodedNameLen, a.getMode().getBits(),
+					b.encodedName, 0, b.encodedNameLen, b.getMode().getBits());
 		}
 	};
 
-	static int lastPathChar(final Entry e) {
-		return e.getMode() == FileMode.TREE ? '/' : '\0';
-	}
-
 	/**
 	 * Constructor helper.
 	 *
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/filter/PathFilterGroup.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/filter/PathFilterGroup.java
index bdfde0bfcd..7601956c43 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/filter/PathFilterGroup.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/treewalk/filter/PathFilterGroup.java
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ public class PathFilterGroup {
 				int hash = hasher.nextHash();
 				if (fullpaths.contains(rp, hasher.length(), hash))
 					return true;
-				if (!hasher.hasNext())
-					if (prefixes.contains(rp, hasher.length(), hash))
-						return true;
+				if (!hasher.hasNext() && walker.isSubtree()
+						&& prefixes.contains(rp, hasher.length(), hash))
+					return true;
 			}
 
 			final int cmp = walker.isPathPrefix(max, max.length);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/ChangeIdUtil.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/ChangeIdUtil.java
index 35fc99e54e..e14096e598 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/ChangeIdUtil.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/ChangeIdUtil.java
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
  */
 package org.eclipse.jgit.util;
 
-import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
@@ -90,12 +89,10 @@ public class ChangeIdUtil {
 	 *            The commit message
 	 * @return the change id SHA1 string (without the 'I') or null if the
 	 *         message is not complete enough
-	 * @throws IOException
 	 */
 	public static ObjectId computeChangeId(final ObjectId treeId,
 			final ObjectId firstParentId, final PersonIdent author,
-			final PersonIdent committer, final String message)
-			throws IOException {
+			final PersonIdent committer, final String message) {
 		String cleanMessage = clean(message);
 		if (cleanMessage.length() == 0)
 			return null;
@@ -116,8 +113,7 @@ public class ChangeIdUtil {
 		b.append("\n\n"); //$NON-NLS-1$
 		b.append(cleanMessage);
 		try (ObjectInserter f = new ObjectInserter.Formatter()) {
-			return f.idFor(Constants.OBJ_COMMIT, //
-					b.toString().getBytes(Constants.CHARACTER_ENCODING));
+			return f.idFor(Constants.OBJ_COMMIT, Constants.encode(b.toString()));
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/FileUtils.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/FileUtils.java
index 727ea79cc9..aa101f73f9 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/FileUtils.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/FileUtils.java
@@ -409,7 +409,9 @@ public class FileUtils {
 			throws IOException {
 		Path nioPath = path.toPath();
 		if (Files.exists(nioPath, LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS)) {
-			if (Files.isRegularFile(nioPath)) {
+			BasicFileAttributes attrs = Files.readAttributes(nioPath,
+					BasicFileAttributes.class, LinkOption.NOFOLLOW_LINKS);
+			if (attrs.isRegularFile() || attrs.isSymbolicLink()) {
 				delete(path);
 			} else {
 				delete(path, EMPTY_DIRECTORIES_ONLY | RECURSIVE);
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/Paths.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/Paths.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6be7ddbe12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/Paths.java
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016, Google Inc.
+ * and other copyright owners as documented in the project's IP log.
+ *
+ * This program and the accompanying materials are made available
+ * under the terms of the Eclipse Distribution License v1.0 which
+ * accompanies this distribution, is reproduced below, and is
+ * available at http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/edl-v10.php
+ *
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
+ * without modification, are permitted provided that the following
+ * conditions are met:
+ *
+ * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *
+ * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+ *   copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+ *   disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+ *   with the distribution.
+ *
+ * - Neither the name of the Eclipse Foundation, Inc. nor the
+ *   names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote
+ *   products derived from this software without specific prior
+ *   written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND
+ * CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+ * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
+ * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ * SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
+ * NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
+ * CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+ * STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
+ * ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+package org.eclipse.jgit.util;
+
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_MASK;
+import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.FileMode.TYPE_TREE;
+
+/**
+ * Utility functions for paths inside of a Git repository.
+ *
+ * @since 4.2
+ */
+public class Paths {
+	/**
+	 * Remove trailing {@code '/'} if present.
+	 *
+	 * @param path
+	 *            input path to potentially remove trailing {@code '/'} from.
+	 * @return null if {@code path == null}; {@code path} after removing a
+	 *         trailing {@code '/'}.
+	 */
+	public static String stripTrailingSeparator(String path) {
+		if (path == null || path.isEmpty()) {
+			return path;
+		}
+
+		int i = path.length();
+		if (path.charAt(path.length() - 1) != '/') {
+			return path;
+		}
+		do {
+			i--;
+		} while (path.charAt(i - 1) == '/');
+		return path.substring(0, i);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Compare two paths according to Git path sort ordering rules.
+	 *
+	 * @param aPath
+	 *            first path buffer. The range {@code [aPos, aEnd)} is used.
+	 * @param aPos
+	 *            index into {@code aPath} where the first path starts.
+	 * @param aEnd
+	 *            1 past last index of {@code aPath}.
+	 * @param aMode
+	 *            mode of the first file. Trees are sorted as though
+	 *            {@code aPath[aEnd] == '/'}, even if aEnd does not exist.
+	 * @param bPath
+	 *            second path buffer. The range {@code [bPos, bEnd)} is used.
+	 * @param bPos
+	 *            index into {@code bPath} where the second path starts.
+	 * @param bEnd
+	 *            1 past last index of {@code bPath}.
+	 * @param bMode
+	 *            mode of the second file. Trees are sorted as though
+	 *            {@code bPath[bEnd] == '/'}, even if bEnd does not exist.
+	 * @return &lt;0 if {@code aPath} sorts before {@code bPath};
+	 *         0 if the paths are the same;
+	 *         &gt;0 if {@code aPath} sorts after {@code bPath}.
+	 */
+	public static int compare(byte[] aPath, int aPos, int aEnd, int aMode,
+			byte[] bPath, int bPos, int bEnd, int bMode) {
+		int cmp = coreCompare(
+				aPath, aPos, aEnd, aMode,
+				bPath, bPos, bEnd, bMode);
+		if (cmp == 0) {
+			cmp = lastPathChar(aMode) - lastPathChar(bMode);
+		}
+		return cmp;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Compare two paths, checking for identical name.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Unlike {@code compare} this method returns {@code 0} when the paths have
+	 * the same characters in their names, even if the mode differs. It is
+	 * intended for use in validation routines detecting duplicate entries.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Returns {@code 0} if the names are identical and a conflict exists
+	 * between {@code aPath} and {@code bPath}, as they share the same name.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Returns {@code <0} if all possibles occurrences of {@code aPath} sort
+	 * before {@code bPath} and no conflict can happen. In a properly sorted
+	 * tree there are no other occurrences of {@code aPath} and therefore there
+	 * are no duplicate names.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Returns {@code >0} when it is possible for a duplicate occurrence of
+	 * {@code aPath} to appear later, after {@code bPath}. Callers should
+	 * continue to examine candidates for {@code bPath} until the method returns
+	 * one of the other return values.
+	 *
+	 * @param aPath
+	 *            first path buffer. The range {@code [aPos, aEnd)} is used.
+	 * @param aPos
+	 *            index into {@code aPath} where the first path starts.
+	 * @param aEnd
+	 *            1 past last index of {@code aPath}.
+	 * @param bPath
+	 *            second path buffer. The range {@code [bPos, bEnd)} is used.
+	 * @param bPos
+	 *            index into {@code bPath} where the second path starts.
+	 * @param bEnd
+	 *            1 past last index of {@code bPath}.
+	 * @param bMode
+	 *            mode of the second file. Trees are sorted as though
+	 *            {@code bPath[bEnd] == '/'}, even if bEnd does not exist.
+	 * @return &lt;0 if no duplicate name could exist;
+	 *         0 if the paths have the same name;
+	 *         &gt;0 other {@code bPath} should still be checked by caller.
+	 */
+	public static int compareSameName(
+			byte[] aPath, int aPos, int aEnd,
+			byte[] bPath, int bPos, int bEnd, int bMode) {
+		return coreCompare(
+				aPath, aPos, aEnd, TYPE_TREE,
+				bPath, bPos, bEnd, bMode);
+	}
+
+	private static int coreCompare(
+			byte[] aPath, int aPos, int aEnd, int aMode,
+			byte[] bPath, int bPos, int bEnd, int bMode) {
+		while (aPos < aEnd && bPos < bEnd) {
+			int cmp = (aPath[aPos++] & 0xff) - (bPath[bPos++] & 0xff);
+			if (cmp != 0) {
+				return cmp;
+			}
+		}
+		if (aPos < aEnd) {
+			return (aPath[aPos] & 0xff) - lastPathChar(bMode);
+		}
+		if (bPos < bEnd) {
+			return lastPathChar(aMode) - (bPath[bPos] & 0xff);
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	private static int lastPathChar(int mode) {
+		if ((mode & TYPE_MASK) == TYPE_TREE) {
+			return '/';
+		}
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	private Paths() {
+	}
+}
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/RawParseUtils.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/RawParseUtils.java
index 45c339fb48..f2955f7e6b 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/RawParseUtils.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/RawParseUtils.java
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@
 
 package org.eclipse.jgit.util;
 
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.ISO_8859_1;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.author;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.committer;
 import static org.eclipse.jgit.lib.ObjectChecker.encoding;
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import org.eclipse.jgit.annotations.Nullable;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.Constants;
 import org.eclipse.jgit.lib.PersonIdent;
 
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	 *
 	 * @since 2.2
 	 */
-	public static final Charset UTF8_CHARSET = Charset.forName("UTF-8"); //$NON-NLS-1$
+	public static final Charset UTF8_CHARSET = UTF_8;
 
 	private static final byte[] digits10;
 
@@ -81,8 +84,9 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	private static final Map<String, Charset> encodingAliases;
 
 	static {
-		encodingAliases = new HashMap<String, Charset>();
-		encodingAliases.put("latin-1", Charset.forName("ISO-8859-1")); //$NON-NLS-1$ //$NON-NLS-2$
+		encodingAliases = new HashMap<>();
+		encodingAliases.put("latin-1", ISO_8859_1); //$NON-NLS-1$
+		encodingAliases.put("iso-latin-1", ISO_8859_1); //$NON-NLS-1$
 
 		digits10 = new byte['9' + 1];
 		Arrays.fill(digits10, (byte) -1);
@@ -671,35 +675,60 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	}
 
 	/**
+	 * Parse the "encoding " header as a string.
+	 * <p>
+	 * Locates the "encoding " header (if present) and returns its value.
+	 *
+	 * @param b
+	 *            buffer to scan.
+	 * @return the encoding header as specified in the commit; null if the
+	 *         header was not present and should be assumed.
+	 * @since 4.2
+	 */
+	@Nullable
+	public static String parseEncodingName(final byte[] b) {
+		int enc = encoding(b, 0);
+		if (enc < 0) {
+			return null;
+		}
+		int lf = nextLF(b, enc);
+		return decode(UTF_8, b, enc, lf - 1);
+	}
+
+	/**
 	 * Parse the "encoding " header into a character set reference.
 	 * <p>
 	 * Locates the "encoding " header (if present) by first calling
 	 * {@link #encoding(byte[], int)} and then returns the proper character set
 	 * to apply to this buffer to evaluate its contents as character data.
 	 * <p>
-	 * If no encoding header is present, {@link Constants#CHARSET} is assumed.
+	 * If no encoding header is present {@code UTF-8} is assumed.
 	 *
 	 * @param b
 	 *            buffer to scan.
 	 * @return the Java character set representation. Never null.
+	 * @throws IllegalCharsetNameException
+	 *             if the character set requested by the encoding header is
+	 *             malformed and unsupportable.
+	 * @throws UnsupportedCharsetException
+	 *             if the JRE does not support the character set requested by
+	 *             the encoding header.
 	 */
 	public static Charset parseEncoding(final byte[] b) {
-		final int enc = encoding(b, 0);
-		if (enc < 0)
-			return Constants.CHARSET;
-		final int lf = nextLF(b, enc);
-		String decoded = decode(Constants.CHARSET, b, enc, lf - 1);
+		String enc = parseEncodingName(b);
+		if (enc == null) {
+			return UTF_8;
+		}
+
+		String name = enc.trim();
 		try {
-			return Charset.forName(decoded);
-		} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException badName) {
-			Charset aliased = charsetForAlias(decoded);
-			if (aliased != null)
-				return aliased;
-			throw badName;
-		} catch (UnsupportedCharsetException badName) {
-			Charset aliased = charsetForAlias(decoded);
-			if (aliased != null)
+			return Charset.forName(name);
+		} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException
+				| UnsupportedCharsetException badName) {
+			Charset aliased = charsetForAlias(name);
+			if (aliased != null) {
 				return aliased;
+			}
 			throw badName;
 		}
 	}
@@ -738,7 +767,15 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	 *         parsed.
 	 */
 	public static PersonIdent parsePersonIdent(final byte[] raw, final int nameB) {
-		final Charset cs = parseEncoding(raw);
+		Charset cs;
+		try {
+			cs = parseEncoding(raw);
+		} catch (IllegalCharsetNameException | UnsupportedCharsetException e) {
+			// Assume UTF-8 for person identities, usually this is correct.
+			// If not decode() will fall back to the ISO-8859-1 encoding.
+			cs = UTF_8;
+		}
+
 		final int emailB = nextLF(raw, nameB, '<');
 		final int emailE = nextLF(raw, emailB, '>');
 		if (emailB >= raw.length || raw[emailB] == '\n' ||
@@ -886,7 +923,7 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	 */
 	public static String decode(final byte[] buffer, final int start,
 			final int end) {
-		return decode(Constants.CHARSET, buffer, start, end);
+		return decode(UTF_8, buffer, start, end);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -960,23 +997,21 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 	public static String decodeNoFallback(final Charset cs,
 			final byte[] buffer, final int start, final int end)
 			throws CharacterCodingException {
-		final ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer, start, end - start);
+		ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.wrap(buffer, start, end - start);
 		b.mark();
 
 		// Try our built-in favorite. The assumption here is that
 		// decoding will fail if the data is not actually encoded
 		// using that encoder.
-		//
 		try {
-			return decode(b, Constants.CHARSET);
+			return decode(b, UTF_8);
 		} catch (CharacterCodingException e) {
 			b.reset();
 		}
 
-		if (!cs.equals(Constants.CHARSET)) {
+		if (!cs.equals(UTF_8)) {
 			// Try the suggested encoding, it might be right since it was
 			// provided by the caller.
-			//
 			try {
 				return decode(b, cs);
 			} catch (CharacterCodingException e) {
@@ -986,9 +1021,8 @@ public final class RawParseUtils {
 
 		// Try the default character set. A small group of people
 		// might actually use the same (or very similar) locale.
-		//
-		final Charset defcs = Charset.defaultCharset();
-		if (!defcs.equals(cs) && !defcs.equals(Constants.CHARSET)) {
+		Charset defcs = Charset.defaultCharset();
+		if (!defcs.equals(cs) && !defcs.equals(UTF_8)) {
 			try {
 				return decode(b, defcs);
 			} catch (CharacterCodingException e) {
diff --git a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/io/StreamCopyThread.java b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/io/StreamCopyThread.java
index 24b8b53330..8d39a22ac2 100644
--- a/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/io/StreamCopyThread.java
+++ b/org.eclipse.jgit/src/org/eclipse/jgit/util/io/StreamCopyThread.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.io.InterruptedIOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
 
 /** Thread to copy from an input stream to an output stream. */
 public class StreamCopyThread extends Thread {
@@ -58,6 +59,8 @@ public class StreamCopyThread extends Thread {
 
 	private volatile boolean done;
 
+	private final AtomicInteger flushCount = new AtomicInteger(0);
+
 	/**
 	 * Create a thread to copy data from an input stream to an output stream.
 	 *
@@ -82,6 +85,7 @@ public class StreamCopyThread extends Thread {
 	 * the request.
 	 */
 	public void flush() {
+		flushCount.incrementAndGet();
 		interrupt();
 	}
 
@@ -109,22 +113,30 @@ public class StreamCopyThread extends Thread {
 	public void run() {
 		try {
 			final byte[] buf = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
-			int interruptCounter = 0;
+			int flushCountBeforeRead = 0;
+			boolean readInterrupted = false;
 			for (;;) {
 				try {
-					if (interruptCounter > 0) {
+					if (readInterrupted) {
 						dst.flush();
-						interruptCounter--;
+						readInterrupted = false;
+						if (!flushCount.compareAndSet(flushCountBeforeRead, 0)) {
+							// There was a flush() call since last blocked read.
+							// Set interrupt status, so next blocked read will throw
+							// an InterruptedIOException and we will flush again.
+							interrupt();
+						}
 					}
 
 					if (done)
 						break;
 
+					flushCountBeforeRead = flushCount.get();
 					final int n;
 					try {
 						n = src.read(buf);
 					} catch (InterruptedIOException wakey) {
-						interruptCounter++;
+						readInterrupted = true;
 						continue;
 					}
 					if (n < 0)
@@ -141,7 +153,7 @@ public class StreamCopyThread extends Thread {
 
 						// set interrupt status, which will be checked
 						// when we block in src.read
-						if (writeInterrupted)
+						if (writeInterrupted || flushCount.get() > 0)
 							interrupt();
 						break;
 					}