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  1. GNU Free Documentation License
  2. Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free
  3. Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
  4. Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license
  5. document, but changing it is not allowed.
  6. 0. PREAMBLE
  7. The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional
  8. and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
  9. effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
  10. either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves
  11. for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
  12. being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
  13. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of
  14. the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the
  15. GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free
  16. software.
  17. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software,
  18. because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come
  19. with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this
  20. License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual
  21. work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed
  22. book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction
  23. or reference.
  24. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
  25. This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains
  26. a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under
  27. the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
  28. license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated
  29. herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
  30. of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license
  31. if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
  32. copyright law.
  33. A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document
  34. or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated
  35. into another language.
  36. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the
  37. Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or
  38. authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters)
  39. and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject.
  40. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section
  41. may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
  42. connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
  43. philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
  44. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated,
  45. as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document
  46. is released under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition
  47. of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document
  48. may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any
  49. Invariant Sections then there are none.
  50. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover
  51. Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released
  52. under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover
  53. Text may be at most 25 words.
  54. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented
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  59. formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for
  60. input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
  61. whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
  62. subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
  63. not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is
  64. not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
  65. Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without
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  68. for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG,
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  71. and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
  72. HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes
  73. only.
  74. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such
  75. following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License
  76. requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
  77. any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent
  78. appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the
  79. text.
  80. The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the
  81. Document to the public.
  82. A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title
  83. either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that
  84. translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section
  85. name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements",
  86. or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
  87. Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this
  88. definition.
  89. The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states
  90. that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are
  91. considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
  92. disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers
  93. may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.
  94. 2. VERBATIM COPYING
  95. You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially
  96. or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and
  97. the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
  98. in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of
  99. this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the
  100. reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
  101. you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
  102. enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
  103. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you
  104. may publicly display copies.
  105. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
  106. If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed
  107. covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license
  108. notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
  109. clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front
  110. cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
  111. and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover
  112. must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent
  113. and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying
  114. with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
  115. the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying
  116. in other respects.
  117. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly,
  118. you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual
  119. cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.
  120. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more
  121. than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along
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  124. using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the
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  126. reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
  127. quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible
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  129. an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition
  130. to the public.
  131. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document
  132. well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance
  133. to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
  134. 4. MODIFICATIONS
  135. You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
  136. of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version
  137. under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of
  138. the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified
  139. Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
  140. things in the Modified Version:
  141. A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from
  142. that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if
  143. there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may
  144. use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that
  145. version gives permission.
  146. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible
  147. for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with
  148. at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
  149. authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
  150. C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version,
  151. as the publisher.
  152. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
  153. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
  154. the other copyright notices.
  155. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving
  156. the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
  157. License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
  158. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and
  159. required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an
  160. unaltered copy of this License.
  161. I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to
  162. it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of
  163. the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled
  164. "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
  165. publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing
  166. the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
  167. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public
  168. access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations
  169. given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be
  170. placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work
  171. that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the
  172. original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
  173. K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
  174. the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and
  175. tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
  176. therein.
  177. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their
  178. text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered
  179. part of the section titles.
  180. M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included
  181. in the Modified Version.
  182. N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to
  183. conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
  184. O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
  185. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that
  186. qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document,
  187. you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant.
  188. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
  189. Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section
  190. titles.
  191. You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing
  192. but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example,
  193. statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization
  194. as the authoritative definition of a standard.
  195. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage
  196. of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts
  197. in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover
  198. Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If
  199. the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously
  200. added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf
  201. of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
  202. permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
  203. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give
  204. permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement
  205. of any Modified Version.
  206. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
  207. You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License,
  208. under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided
  209. that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
  210. the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections
  211. of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their
  212. Warranty Disclaimers.
  213. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple
  214. identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there
  215. are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents,
  216. make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
  217. parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section
  218. if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section
  219. titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined
  220. work.
  221. In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the
  222. various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise
  223. combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
  224. "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".
  225. 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
  226. You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released
  227. under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the
  228. various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided
  229. that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of
  230. the documents in all other respects.
  231. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it
  232. individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License
  233. into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
  234. regarding verbatim copying of that document.
  235. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
  236. A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
  237. documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium,
  238. is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is
  239. not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what
  240. the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,
  241. this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are
  242. not themselves derivative works of the Document.
  243. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of
  244. the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate,
  245. the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document
  246. within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document
  247. is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
  248. the whole aggregate.
  249. 8. TRANSLATION
  250. Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations
  251. of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections
  252. with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders,
  253. but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition
  254. to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
  255. of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty
  256. Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of
  257. this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In
  258. case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of
  259. this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
  260. If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
  261. or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1)
  262. will typically require changing the actual title.
  263. 9. TERMINATION
  264. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as
  265. expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
  266. sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your
  267. rights under this License.
  268. However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from
  269. a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and
  270. until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license,
  271. and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation
  272. by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
  273. Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently
  274. if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means,
  275. this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License
  276. (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior
  277. to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
  278. Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses
  279. of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License.
  280. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt
  281. of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights
  282. to use it.
  283. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
  284. The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU
  285. Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar
  286. in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
  287. problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
  288. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the
  289. Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or
  290. any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms
  291. and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that
  292. has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
  293. Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose
  294. any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
  295. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of
  296. this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
  297. version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
  298. 11. RELICENSING
  299. "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide
  300. Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent
  301. facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can
  302. edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration"
  303. (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus
  304. published on the MMC site.
  305. "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license
  306. published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with
  307. a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future
  308. copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.
  309. "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part,
  310. as part of another Document.
  311. An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License,
  312. and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other
  313. than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the
  314. MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated
  315. prior to November 1, 2008.
  316. The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under
  317. CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the
  318. MMC is eligible for relicensing. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your
  319. documents
  320. To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the
  321. License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices
  322. just after the title page:
  323. Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
  324. modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
  325. Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  326. with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
  327. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
  328. License".
  329. If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace
  330. the "with...Texts." line with this:
  331. with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover
  332. Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
  333. If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination
  334. of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
  335. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend
  336. releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license,
  337. such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.