iciql/src/main/java/com/iciql/Query.java

/*
 * Copyright 2004-2011 H2 Group.
 * Copyright 2011 James Moger.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.iciql;

import com.iciql.Iciql.DataTypeAdapter;
import com.iciql.Iciql.EnumType;
import com.iciql.NestedConditions.And;
import com.iciql.NestedConditions.Or;
import com.iciql.bytecode.ClassReader;
import com.iciql.util.IciqlLogger;
import com.iciql.util.JdbcUtils;
import com.iciql.util.Utils;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
import java.util.List;

/**
 * This class represents a query.
 *
 * @param <T> the return type
 */

public class Query<T> {

    private Db db;
    private SelectTable<T> from;
    private ArrayList<Token> conditions = Utils.newArrayList();
    private ArrayList<UpdateColumn> updateColumnDeclarations = Utils.newArrayList();
    private int conditionDepth = 0;
    private ArrayList<SelectTable<T>> joins = Utils.newArrayList();
    private final IdentityHashMap<Object, SelectColumn<T>> aliasMap = Utils.newIdentityHashMap();
    private ArrayList<OrderExpression<T>> orderByList = Utils.newArrayList();
    private ArrayList<Object> groupByExpressions = Utils.newArrayList();
    private long limit;
    private long offset;

    private Query(Db db) {
        this.db = db;
    }

    /**
     * from() is a static factory method to build a Query object.
     *
     * @param db
     * @param alias
     * @return a query object
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    static <T> Query<T> from(Db db, T alias) {
        Query<T> query = new Query<T>(db);
        TableDefinition<T> def = (TableDefinition<T>) db.define(alias.getClass());
        query.from = new SelectTable<T>(db, query, alias, false);
        def.initSelectObject(query.from, alias, query.aliasMap, false);
        return query;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    static <T> Query<T> rebuild(Db db, T alias) {
        Query<T> query = new Query<T>(db);
        TableDefinition<T> def = (TableDefinition<T>) db.define(alias.getClass());
        query.from = new SelectTable<T>(db, query, alias, false);
        def.initSelectObject(query.from, alias, query.aliasMap, true);
        return query;
    }

    public long selectCount() {
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(false);
        stat.appendSQL("COUNT(*) ");
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        ResultSet rs = stat.executeQuery();
        try {
            rs.next();
            long value = rs.getLong(1);
            return value;
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw IciqlException.fromSQL(stat.getSQL(), e);
        } finally {
            JdbcUtils.closeSilently(rs, true);
        }
    }

    public List<T> select() {
        return select(false);
    }

    public T selectFirst() {
        List<T> list = limit(1).select(false);
        return list.isEmpty() ? null : list.get(0);
    }

    public List<T> selectDistinct() {
        return select(true);
    }

    public <X, Z> X selectFirst(Z x) {
        List<X> list = limit(1).select(x);
        return list.isEmpty() ? null : list.get(0);
    }

    public <X> void createView(Class<X> viewClass) {
        TableDefinition<X> viewDef = db.define(viewClass);

        SQLStatement fromWhere = new SQLStatement(db);
        appendFromWhere(fromWhere, false);

        SQLStatement stat = new SQLStatement(db);
        db.getDialect().prepareCreateView(stat, viewDef, fromWhere.toSQL());
        IciqlLogger.create(stat.toSQL());
        stat.execute();
    }

    public <X> void replaceView(Class<X> viewClass) {
        db.dropView(viewClass);
        createView(viewClass);
    }

    public String getSQL() {
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(false);
        stat.appendSQL("*");
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        return stat.getSQL().trim();
    }

    /**
     * toSQL returns a static string version of the query with runtime variables
     * properly encoded. This method is also useful when combined with the where
     * clause methods like isParameter() or atLeastParameter() which allows
     * iciql to generate re-usable parameterized string statements.
     *
     * @return the sql query as plain text
     */
    public String toSQL() {
        return toSQL(false);
    }

    /**
     * toSQL returns a static string version of the query with runtime variables
     * properly encoded. This method is also useful when combined with the where
     * clause methods like isParameter() or atLeastParameter() which allows
     * iciql to generate re-usable parameterized string statements.
     *
     * @param distinct if true SELECT DISTINCT is used for the query
     * @return the sql query as plain text
     */
    public String toSQL(boolean distinct) {
        return toSQL(distinct, null);
    }

    /**
     * toSQL returns a static string version of the query with runtime variables
     * properly encoded. This method is also useful when combined with the where
     * clause methods like isParameter() or atLeastParameter() which allows
     * iciql to generate re-usable parameterized string statements.
     *
     * @param distinct if true SELECT DISTINCT is used for the query
     * @param k        k is used to select only the columns of the specified alias
     *                 for an inner join statement. An example of a generated
     *                 statement is: SELECT DISTINCT t1.* FROM sometable AS t1 INNER
     *                 JOIN othertable AS t2 ON t1.id = t2.id WHERE t2.flag = true
     *                 without the alias parameter the statement would start with
     *                 SELECT DISTINCT * FROM...
     * @return the sql query as plain text
     */
    public <K> String toSQL(boolean distinct, K k) {
        SQLStatement stat = new SQLStatement(getDb());
        if (updateColumnDeclarations.size() > 0) {
            stat.appendSQL("UPDATE ");
            from.appendSQL(stat);
            stat.appendSQL(" SET ");
            int i = 0;
            for (UpdateColumn declaration : updateColumnDeclarations) {
                if (i++ > 0) {
                    stat.appendSQL(", ");
                }
                declaration.appendSQL(stat);
            }
            appendWhere(stat);
        } else {
            stat.appendSQL("SELECT ");
            if (distinct) {
                stat.appendSQL("DISTINCT ");
            }
            if (k != null) {
                SelectTable<?> sel = getSelectTable(k);
                if (sel == null) {
                    // unknown alias, use wildcard
                    IciqlLogger.warn("Alias {0} is not defined in the statement!", k.getClass());
                    stat.appendSQL("*");
                } else if (isJoin()) {
                    // join query, use AS alias
                    String as = sel.getAs();
                    stat.appendSQL(as + ".*");
                } else {
                    // schema.table.*
                    String schema = sel.getAliasDefinition().schemaName;
                    String table = sel.getAliasDefinition().tableName;
                    String as = getDb().getDialect().prepareTableName(schema, table);
                    stat.appendSQL(as + ".*");
                }
            } else {
                // alias unspecified, use wildcard
                stat.appendSQL("*");
            }
            appendFromWhere(stat);
        }
        return stat.toSQL().trim();
    }

    <Z> String toSubQuery(Z z) {
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(false);
        SelectColumn<T> col = aliasMap.get(z);
        String columnName = col.getFieldDefinition().columnName;
        stat.appendColumn(columnName);
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        return stat.toSQL();
    }

    private List<T> select(boolean distinct) {
        List<T> result = Utils.newArrayList();
        TableDefinition<T> def = from.getAliasDefinition();
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(distinct);
        def.appendSelectList(stat);
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        ResultSet rs = stat.executeQuery();
        try {
            // SQLite returns pre-closed ResultSets for query results with 0 rows
            if (!rs.isClosed()) {
                int[] columns = def.mapColumns(db.getDialect(), false, rs);
                while (rs.next()) {
                    T item = from.newObject();
                    def.readRow(db.getDialect(), item, rs, columns);
                    result.add(item);
                }
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw IciqlException.fromSQL(stat.getSQL(), e);
        } finally {
            JdbcUtils.closeSilently(rs, true);
        }
        return result;
    }

    public int delete() {
        SQLStatement stat = new SQLStatement(db);
        stat.appendSQL("DELETE FROM ");
        from.appendSQL(stat);
        appendWhere(stat);
        IciqlLogger.delete(stat.getSQL());
        return stat.executeUpdate();
    }

    public <A> Query<T> setNull(A field) {
        return set(field).to(null);
    }

    public <A> UpdateColumnSet<T, A> set(A field) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleEnums(field);
        return new UpdateColumnSet<T, A>(this, field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Boolean> set(boolean field) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleBooleans();
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Byte> set(byte field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Short> set(short field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Integer> set(int field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Long> set(long field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Float> set(float field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnSet<T, Double> set(double field) {
        return setPrimitive(field);
    }

    private <A> UpdateColumnSet<T, A> setPrimitive(A field) {
        A alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(field);
        if (alias == null) {
            // this will result in an unmapped field exception
            return set(field);
        }
        return set(alias);
    }

    public <A> UpdateColumnIncrement<T, A> increment(A field) {
        return new UpdateColumnIncrement<T, A>(this, field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Byte> increment(byte field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Short> increment(short field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Integer> increment(int field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Long> increment(long field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Float> increment(float field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    public UpdateColumnIncrement<T, Double> increment(double field) {
        return incrementPrimitive(field);
    }

    private <A> UpdateColumnIncrement<T, A> incrementPrimitive(A field) {
        A alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(field);
        if (alias == null) {
            // this will result in an unmapped field exception
            return increment(field);
        }
        return increment(alias);
    }

    public int update() {
        if (updateColumnDeclarations.size() == 0) {
            throw new IciqlException("Missing set or increment call.");
        }
        SQLStatement stat = new SQLStatement(db);
        stat.appendSQL("UPDATE ");
        from.appendSQL(stat);
        stat.appendSQL(" SET ");
        int i = 0;
        for (UpdateColumn declaration : updateColumnDeclarations) {
            if (i++ > 0) {
                stat.appendSQL(", ");
            }
            declaration.appendSQL(stat);
        }
        appendWhere(stat);
        IciqlLogger.update(stat.getSQL());
        return stat.executeUpdate();
    }

    public <X, Z> List<X> selectDistinct(Z x) {
        return select(x, true);
    }

    public <X, Z> List<X> select(Z x) {
        return select(x, false);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private <X, Z> List<X> select(Z x, boolean distinct) {
        Class<?> clazz = x.getClass();
        if (Db.isToken(x)) {
            // selecting a function
            return selectFunction((X) x, distinct);
        } else {
            // selecting a column
            SelectColumn<T> col = getColumnByReference(x);
            if (col == null) {
                col = getColumnByReference(getPrimitiveAliasByValue(x));
            }
            if (col != null) {
                return (List<X>) selectColumn(col, clazz, distinct);
            }
        }

        // selecting into a new object type
        Class<?> enclosingClass = clazz.getEnclosingClass();
        if (enclosingClass != null) {
            // anonymous inner class
            clazz = clazz.getSuperclass();
        }
        return select((Class<X>) clazz, (X) x, distinct);
    }

    private <X> List<X> select(Class<X> clazz, X x, boolean distinct) {
        List<X> result = Utils.newArrayList();
        TableDefinition<X> def = db.define(clazz);
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(distinct);
        def.appendSelectList(stat, this, x);
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        ResultSet rs = stat.executeQuery();
        try {
            // SQLite returns pre-closed ResultSets for query results with 0 rows
            if (!rs.isClosed()) {
                int[] columns = def.mapColumns(db.getDialect(), false, rs);
                while (rs.next()) {
                    X row = Utils.newObject(clazz);
                    def.readRow(db.getDialect(), row, rs, columns);
                    result.add(row);
                }
            }
        } catch (SQLException e) {
            throw IciqlException.fromSQL(stat.getSQL(), e);
        } finally {
            JdbcUtils.closeSilently(rs, true);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private <X> List<X> selectFunction(X x, boolean distinct) {
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(distinct);
        appendSQL(stat, null, x);
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        ResultSet rs = stat.executeQuery();
        List<X> result = Utils.newArrayList();
        try {
            // SQLite returns pre-closed ResultSets for query results with 0 rows
            if (!rs.isClosed()) {
                while (rs.next()) {
                    X value = (X) rs.getObject(1);
                    result.add(value);
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw IciqlException.fromSQL(stat.getSQL(), e);
        } finally {
            JdbcUtils.closeSilently(rs, true);
        }
        return result;
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private <X> List<X> selectColumn(SelectColumn<T> col, Class<X> clazz, boolean distinct) {
        SQLStatement stat = getSelectStatement(distinct);
        col.appendSQL(stat);
        appendFromWhere(stat);
        ResultSet rs = stat.executeQuery();
        List<X> result = Utils.newArrayList();
        Class<? extends DataTypeAdapter<?>> typeAdapter = col.getFieldDefinition().typeAdapter;
        try {
            // SQLite returns pre-closed ResultSets for query results with 0 rows
            if (!rs.isClosed()) {
                while (rs.next()) {
                    X value = (X) db.getDialect().deserialize(rs, 1, clazz, typeAdapter);
                    result.add(value);
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw IciqlException.fromSQL(stat.getSQL(), e);
        } finally {
            JdbcUtils.closeSilently(rs, true);
        }
        return result;
    }

    private SQLStatement getSelectStatement(boolean distinct) {
        SQLStatement stat = new SQLStatement(db);
        stat.appendSQL("SELECT ");
        if (distinct) {
            stat.appendSQL("DISTINCT ");
        }
        return stat;
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive boolean field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive boolean field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Boolean> where(boolean x) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleBooleans();
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive short field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive short field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Byte> where(byte x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive short field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive short field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Short> where(short x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive int field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive int field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Integer> where(int x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive long field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive long field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Long> where(long x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive float field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive float field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Float> where(float x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begin a primitive double field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the primitive double field to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public QueryCondition<T, Double> where(double x) {
        return wherePrimitive(x);
    }

    /**
     * Begins a primitive field condition clause.
     *
     * @param value
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    private <A> QueryCondition<T, A> wherePrimitive(A value) {
        A alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(value);
        if (alias == null) {
            // this will result in an unmapped field exception
            return where(value);
        }
        return where(alias);
    }

    /**
     * Begin an Object field condition clause.
     *
     * @param x the mapped object to query
     * @return a query condition to continue building the condition
     */
    public <A> QueryCondition<T, A> where(A x) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleEnums(x);
        return new QueryCondition<T, A>(this, x);
    }

    public <A> QueryWhere<T> where(Filter filter) {
        HashMap<String, Object> fieldMap = Utils.newHashMap();
        for (Field f : filter.getClass().getDeclaredFields()) {
            f.setAccessible(true);
            try {
                Object obj = f.get(filter);
                if (obj == from.getAlias()) {
                    List<TableDefinition.FieldDefinition> fields = from.getAliasDefinition().getFields();
                    String name = f.getName();
                    for (TableDefinition.FieldDefinition field : fields) {
                        String n = name + "." + field.field.getName();
                        Object o = field.field.get(obj);
                        fieldMap.put(n, o);
                    }
                }
                fieldMap.put(f.getName(), f.get(filter));
            } catch (Exception e) {
                throw new IciqlException(e);
            }
        }
        Token filterCode = new ClassReader().decompile(filter, fieldMap, "where");
        // String filterQuery = filterCode.toString();
        conditions.add(filterCode);
        return new QueryWhere<T>(this);
    }

    public QueryWhere<T> where(String fragment, List<?> args) {
        return this.where(fragment, args.toArray());
    }

    public QueryWhere<T> where(String fragment, Object... args) {
        conditions.add(new RuntimeToken(fragment, args));
        return new QueryWhere<T>(this);
    }

    public Query<T> where(And<T> conditions) {
        whereTrue();
        addConditionToken(conditions.where.query);
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> where(Or<T> conditions) {
        whereFalse();
        addConditionToken(conditions.where.query);
        return this;
    }

    public QueryWhere<T> whereTrue() {
        return whereTrue(true);
    }

    public QueryWhere<T> whereFalse() {
        return whereTrue(false);
    }

    public QueryWhere<T> whereTrue(Boolean condition) {
        Token token = new Function("", condition);
        addConditionToken(token);
        return new QueryWhere<T>(this);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the Limit and Offset of a query.
     *
     * @return the query
     */

    public Query<T> limit(long limit) {
        this.limit = limit;
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> offset(long offset) {
        this.offset = offset;
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(boolean field) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleBooleans();
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(byte field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(short field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(int field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(long field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(float field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(double field) {
        return orderByPrimitive(field);
    }

    Query<T> orderByPrimitive(Object field) {
        Object alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(field);
        if (alias == null) {
            return orderBy(field);
        }
        return orderBy(alias);
    }

    public Query<T> orderBy(Object expr) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleEnums(expr);
        OrderExpression<T> e = new OrderExpression<T>(this, expr, false, false, false);
        addOrderBy(e);
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Order by a number of columns.
     *
     * @param expressions the columns
     * @return the query
     */

    public Query<T> orderBy(Object... expressions) {
        for (Object expr : expressions) {
            from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleEnums(expr);
            OrderExpression<T> e = new OrderExpression<T>(this, expr, false, false, false);
            addOrderBy(e);
        }
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(byte field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(short field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(int field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(long field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(float field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(double field) {
        return orderByDescPrimitive(field);
    }

    Query<T> orderByDescPrimitive(Object field) {
        Object alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(field);
        if (alias == null) {
            return orderByDesc(field);
        }
        return orderByDesc(alias);
    }

    public Query<T> orderByDesc(Object expr) {
        OrderExpression<T> e = new OrderExpression<T>(this, expr, true, false, false);
        addOrderBy(e);
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(boolean field) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleBooleans();
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(byte field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(short field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(int field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(long field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(float field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(double field) {
        return groupByPrimitive(field);
    }

    Query<T> groupByPrimitive(Object field) {
        Object alias = getPrimitiveAliasByValue(field);
        if (alias == null) {
            return groupBy(field);
        }
        return groupBy(alias);
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(Object expr) {
        from.getAliasDefinition().checkMultipleEnums(expr);
        groupByExpressions.add(expr);
        return this;
    }

    public Query<T> groupBy(Object... groupBy) {
        this.groupByExpressions.addAll(Arrays.asList(groupBy));
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL
     *
     * @param stat  the statement
     * @param alias the alias object (can be null)
     * @param value the value
     */
    public void appendSQL(SQLStatement stat, Object alias, Object value) {
        if (Function.count() == value) {
            stat.appendSQL("COUNT(*)");
            return;
        }
        if (RuntimeParameter.PARAMETER == value) {
            stat.appendSQL("?");
            addParameter(stat, alias, value);
            return;
        }
        Token token = Db.getToken(value);
        if (token != null) {
            token.appendSQL(stat, this);
            return;
        }
        if (alias != null && value != null && value.getClass().isEnum()) {
            // special case:
            // value is first enum constant which is also the alias object.
            // the first enum constant is used as the alias because we can not
            // instantiate an enum reflectively.
            stat.appendSQL("?");
            addParameter(stat, alias, value);
            return;
        }
        SelectColumn<T> col = getColumnByReference(value);
        if (col != null) {
            col.appendSQL(stat);
            return;
        }
        stat.appendSQL("?");
        addParameter(stat, alias, value);
    }

    /**
     * INTERNAL
     *
     * @param stat        the statement
     * @param alias       the alias object (can be null)
     * @param valueLeft   the value on the left of the compound clause
     * @param valueRight  the value on the right of the compound clause
     * @param compareType the current compare type (e.g. BETWEEN)
     */
    public void appendSQL(SQLStatement stat, Object alias, Object valueLeft, Object valueRight,
                          CompareType compareType) {
        stat.appendSQL("?");
        stat.appendSQL(" ");
        switch (compareType) {
            case BETWEEN:
                stat.appendSQL("AND");
                break;
        }
        stat.appendSQL(" ");
        stat.appendSQL("?");
        addParameter(stat, alias, valueLeft);
        addParameter(stat, alias, valueRight);
    }

    public void appendSQL(SQLStatement stat, Object alias, Iterable<Object> values,
                          CompareType compareType) {
        boolean first = true;
        stat.appendSQL("(");
        for (Object value : values) {
            if (first) {
                first = false;
            } else {
                stat.appendSQL(", ");
            }
            stat.appendSQL("?");
            addParameter(stat, alias, value);
        }
        stat.appendSQL(")");
    }

    private void addParameter(SQLStatement stat, Object alias, Object value) {
        SelectColumn<T> col = getColumnByReference(alias);
        if (col != null && value != null && value.getClass().isEnum()) {
            // enum
            TableDefinition.FieldDefinition field = col.getFieldDefinition();
            EnumType type = field.enumType;
            Enum<?> anEnum = (Enum<?>) value;
            Object y = Utils.convertEnum(anEnum, type);
            stat.addParameter(y);
        } else if (col != null) {
            // object
            TableDefinition.FieldDefinition field = col.getFieldDefinition();
            Class<? extends DataTypeAdapter<?>> typeAdapter = field.typeAdapter;
            if (value != null && value instanceof String) {
                if (field.trim && field.length > 0) {
                    // clip strings (issue-15)
                    String s = (String) value;
                    if (s.length() > field.length) {
                        value = s.substring(0, field.length);
                    }
                }
            }
            Object parameter = db.getDialect().serialize(value, typeAdapter);
            stat.addParameter(parameter);
        } else {
            // primitive
            stat.addParameter(value);
        }
    }

    void addConditionToken(Token condition) {
        if (condition == ConditionOpenClose.OPEN) {
            conditionDepth++;
        } else if (condition == ConditionOpenClose.CLOSE) {
            conditionDepth--;
            if (conditionDepth < 0) {
                throw new IciqlException("unmatch condition open-close count");
            }
        }
        conditions.add(condition);
    }

    void addConditionToken(Query<T> other) {
        for (Token condition : other.conditions) {
            addConditionToken(condition);
        }
    }

    void addUpdateColumnDeclaration(UpdateColumn declaration) {
        updateColumnDeclarations.add(declaration);
    }

    void appendWhere(SQLStatement stat) {
        if (conditionDepth != 0) {
            throw new IciqlException("unmatch condition open-close count");
        }
        if (!conditions.isEmpty()) {
            stat.appendSQL(" WHERE ");

            boolean skipNextConjunction = false;

            for (Token token : conditions) {

                if (skipNextConjunction && token instanceof ConditionAndOr) {
                    skipNextConjunction = false;
                    continue;
                }

                token.appendSQL(stat, this);
                stat.appendSQL(" ");

                if (ConditionOpenClose.OPEN == token) {
                    skipNextConjunction = true;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    void appendFromWhere(SQLStatement stat) {
        appendFromWhere(stat, true);
    }

    void appendFromWhere(SQLStatement stat, boolean log) {
        stat.appendSQL(" FROM ");
        from.appendSQL(stat);
        for (SelectTable<T> join : joins) {
            join.appendSQLAsJoin(stat, this);
        }
        appendWhere(stat);
        if (!groupByExpressions.isEmpty()) {
            stat.appendSQL(" GROUP BY ");
            int i = 0;
            for (Object obj : groupByExpressions) {
                if (i++ > 0) {
                    stat.appendSQL(", ");
                }
                appendSQL(stat, null, obj);
                stat.appendSQL(" ");
            }
        }
        if (!orderByList.isEmpty()) {
            stat.appendSQL(" ORDER BY ");
            int i = 0;
            for (OrderExpression<T> o : orderByList) {
                if (i++ > 0) {
                    stat.appendSQL(", ");
                }
                o.appendSQL(stat);
                stat.appendSQL(" ");
            }
        }
        db.getDialect().appendLimitOffset(stat, limit, offset);
        if (log) {
            IciqlLogger.select(stat.getSQL());
        }
    }

    /**
     * Join another table.
     *
     * @param alias an alias for the table to join
     * @return the joined query
     */

    public <A> QueryJoin<T> innerJoin(A alias) {
        return join(alias, false);
    }

    public <A> QueryJoin<T> leftJoin(A alias) {
        return join(alias, true);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "rawtypes"})
    private <A> QueryJoin<T> join(A alias, boolean outerJoin) {
        TableDefinition<T> def = (TableDefinition<T>) db.define(alias.getClass());
        SelectTable<T> join = new SelectTable(db, this, alias, outerJoin);
        def.initSelectObject(join, alias, aliasMap, false);
        joins.add(join);
        return new QueryJoin(this, join);
    }

    Db getDb() {
        return db;
    }

    SelectTable<T> getFrom() {
        return from;
    }

    boolean isJoin() {
        return !joins.isEmpty();
    }

    SelectTable<?> getSelectTable(Object alias) {
        if (from.getAlias() == alias) {
            return from;
        } else {
            for (SelectTable<?> join : joins) {
                if (join.getAlias() == alias) {
                    return join;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * This method returns a mapped Object field by its reference.
     *
     * @param obj
     * @return
     */
    private SelectColumn<T> getColumnByReference(Object obj) {
        SelectColumn<T> col = aliasMap.get(obj);
        return col;
    }

    /**
     * This method returns the alias of a mapped primitive field by its value.
     *
     * @param obj
     * @return
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    <A> A getPrimitiveAliasByValue(A obj) {
        for (Object alias : aliasMap.keySet()) {
            if (alias.equals(obj)) {
                SelectColumn<T> match = aliasMap.get(alias);
                if (match.getFieldDefinition().isPrimitive) {
                    return (A) alias;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

    void addOrderBy(OrderExpression<T> expr) {
        orderByList.add(expr);
    }

}