/**
 * References and further reading:
 *
 * Wojciech Muła, Daniel Lemire, Base64 encoding and decoding at almost the
 * speed of a memory copy, Software: Practice and Experience 50 (2), 2020.
 * https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.05109
 *
 * Wojciech Muła, Daniel Lemire, Faster Base64 Encoding and Decoding using AVX2
 * Instructions, ACM Transactions on the Web 12 (3), 2018.
 * https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.00605
 *
 * Simon Josefsson. 2006. The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings.
 * https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648. (2006). Internet Engineering Task Force,
 * Request for Comments: 4648.
 *
 * Alfred Klomp. 2014a. Fast Base64 encoding/decoding with SSE vectorization.
 * http://www.alfredklomp.com/programming/sse-base64/. (2014).
 *
 * Alfred Klomp. 2014b. Fast Base64 stream encoder/decoder in C99, with SIMD
 * acceleration. https://github.com/aklomp/base64. (2014).
 *
 * Hanson Char. 2014. A Fast and Correct Base 64 Codec. (2014).
 * https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/developer/a-fast-and-correct-base-64-codec/
 *
 * Nick Kopp. 2013. Base64 Encoding on a GPU.
 * https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/276993/Base-Encoding-on-a-GPU. (2013).
 */

template <bool base64_url>
simdutf_really_inline __m256i lookup_pshufb_improved(const __m256i input) {
  // credit: Wojciech Muła
  __m256i result = _mm256_subs_epu8(input, _mm256_set1_epi8(51));
  const __m256i less = _mm256_cmpgt_epi8(_mm256_set1_epi8(26), input);
  result =
      _mm256_or_si256(result, _mm256_and_si256(less, _mm256_set1_epi8(13)));
  __m256i shift_LUT;
  if (base64_url) {
    shift_LUT = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        'a' - 26, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52,
        '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '-' - 62, '_' - 63, 'A', 0, 0,

        'a' - 26, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52,
        '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '-' - 62, '_' - 63, 'A', 0, 0);
  } else {
    shift_LUT = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        'a' - 26, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52,
        '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '+' - 62, '/' - 63, 'A', 0, 0,

        'a' - 26, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52,
        '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '0' - 52, '+' - 62, '/' - 63, 'A', 0, 0);
  }

  result = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(shift_LUT, result);
  return _mm256_add_epi8(result, input);
}

template <bool isbase64url>
size_t encode_base64(char *dst, const char *src, size_t srclen,
                     base64_options options) {
  // credit: Wojciech Muła
  const uint8_t *input = (const uint8_t *)src;

  uint8_t *out = (uint8_t *)dst;
  const __m256i shuf =
      _mm256_set_epi8(10, 11, 9, 10, 7, 8, 6, 7, 4, 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 0, 1,

                      10, 11, 9, 10, 7, 8, 6, 7, 4, 5, 3, 4, 1, 2, 0, 1);
  size_t i = 0;
  for (; i + 100 <= srclen; i += 96) {
    const __m128i lo0 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 0));
    const __m128i hi0 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 1));
    const __m128i lo1 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 2));
    const __m128i hi1 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 3));
    const __m128i lo2 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 4));
    const __m128i hi2 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 5));
    const __m128i lo3 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 6));
    const __m128i hi3 = _mm_loadu_si128(
        reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3 * 7));

    __m256i in0 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_set_m128i(hi0, lo0), shuf);
    __m256i in1 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_set_m128i(hi1, lo1), shuf);
    __m256i in2 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_set_m128i(hi2, lo2), shuf);
    __m256i in3 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_set_m128i(hi3, lo3), shuf);

    const __m256i t0_0 = _mm256_and_si256(in0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x0fc0fc00));
    const __m256i t0_1 = _mm256_and_si256(in1, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x0fc0fc00));
    const __m256i t0_2 = _mm256_and_si256(in2, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x0fc0fc00));
    const __m256i t0_3 = _mm256_and_si256(in3, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x0fc0fc00));

    const __m256i t1_0 =
        _mm256_mulhi_epu16(t0_0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x04000040));
    const __m256i t1_1 =
        _mm256_mulhi_epu16(t0_1, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x04000040));
    const __m256i t1_2 =
        _mm256_mulhi_epu16(t0_2, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x04000040));
    const __m256i t1_3 =
        _mm256_mulhi_epu16(t0_3, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x04000040));

    const __m256i t2_0 = _mm256_and_si256(in0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x003f03f0));
    const __m256i t2_1 = _mm256_and_si256(in1, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x003f03f0));
    const __m256i t2_2 = _mm256_and_si256(in2, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x003f03f0));
    const __m256i t2_3 = _mm256_and_si256(in3, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x003f03f0));

    const __m256i t3_0 =
        _mm256_mullo_epi16(t2_0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01000010));
    const __m256i t3_1 =
        _mm256_mullo_epi16(t2_1, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01000010));
    const __m256i t3_2 =
        _mm256_mullo_epi16(t2_2, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01000010));
    const __m256i t3_3 =
        _mm256_mullo_epi16(t2_3, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01000010));

    const __m256i input0 = _mm256_or_si256(t1_0, t3_0);
    const __m256i input1 = _mm256_or_si256(t1_1, t3_1);
    const __m256i input2 = _mm256_or_si256(t1_2, t3_2);
    const __m256i input3 = _mm256_or_si256(t1_3, t3_3);

    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(out),
                        lookup_pshufb_improved<isbase64url>(input0));
    out += 32;

    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(out),
                        lookup_pshufb_improved<isbase64url>(input1));
    out += 32;

    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(out),
                        lookup_pshufb_improved<isbase64url>(input2));
    out += 32;
    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(out),
                        lookup_pshufb_improved<isbase64url>(input3));
    out += 32;
  }
  for (; i + 28 <= srclen; i += 24) {
    // lo = [xxxx|DDDC|CCBB|BAAA]
    // hi = [xxxx|HHHG|GGFF|FEEE]
    const __m128i lo =
        _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i));
    const __m128i hi =
        _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(input + i + 4 * 3));

    // bytes from groups A, B and C are needed in separate 32-bit lanes
    // in = [0HHH|0GGG|0FFF|0EEE[0DDD|0CCC|0BBB|0AAA]
    __m256i in = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(_mm256_set_m128i(hi, lo), shuf);

    // this part is well commented in encode.sse.cpp

    const __m256i t0 = _mm256_and_si256(in, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x0fc0fc00));
    const __m256i t1 = _mm256_mulhi_epu16(t0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x04000040));
    const __m256i t2 = _mm256_and_si256(in, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x003f03f0));
    const __m256i t3 = _mm256_mullo_epi16(t2, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01000010));
    const __m256i indices = _mm256_or_si256(t1, t3);

    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(out),
                        lookup_pshufb_improved<isbase64url>(indices));
    out += 32;
  }
  return i / 3 * 4 + scalar::base64::tail_encode_base64((char *)out, src + i,
                                                        srclen - i, options);
}

static inline void compress(__m128i data, uint16_t mask, char *output) {
  if (mask == 0) {
    _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(output), data);
    return;
  }
  // this particular implementation was inspired by work done by @animetosho
  // we do it in two steps, first 8 bytes and then second 8 bytes
  uint8_t mask1 = uint8_t(mask);      // least significant 8 bits
  uint8_t mask2 = uint8_t(mask >> 8); // most significant 8 bits
  // next line just loads the 64-bit values thintable_epi8[mask1] and
  // thintable_epi8[mask2] into a 128-bit register, using only
  // two instructions on most compilers.

  __m128i shufmask = _mm_set_epi64x(tables::base64::thintable_epi8[mask2],
                                    tables::base64::thintable_epi8[mask1]);
  // we increment by 0x08 the second half of the mask
  shufmask =
      _mm_add_epi8(shufmask, _mm_set_epi32(0x08080808, 0x08080808, 0, 0));
  // this is the version "nearly pruned"
  __m128i pruned = _mm_shuffle_epi8(data, shufmask);
  // we still need to put the two halves together.
  // we compute the popcount of the first half:
  int pop1 = tables::base64::BitsSetTable256mul2[mask1];
  // then load the corresponding mask, what it does is to write
  // only the first pop1 bytes from the first 8 bytes, and then
  // it fills in with the bytes from the second 8 bytes + some filling
  // at the end.
  __m128i compactmask = _mm_loadu_si128(reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(
      tables::base64::pshufb_combine_table + pop1 * 8));
  __m128i answer = _mm_shuffle_epi8(pruned, compactmask);

  _mm_storeu_si128(reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(output), answer);
}

static inline void compress(__m256i data, uint32_t mask, char *output) {
  if (mask == 0) {
    _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(output), data);
    return;
  }
  compress(_mm256_castsi256_si128(data), uint16_t(mask), output);
  compress(_mm256_extracti128_si256(data, 1), uint16_t(mask >> 16),
           output + _mm_popcnt_u32(~mask & 0xFFFF));
}

struct block64 {
  __m256i chunks[2];
};

template <bool base64_url>
static inline uint32_t to_base64_mask(__m256i *src, uint32_t *error) {
  const __m256i ascii_space_tbl =
      _mm256_setr_epi8(0x20, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x9, 0xa,
                       0x0, 0xc, 0xd, 0x0, 0x0, 0x20, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
                       0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x9, 0xa, 0x0, 0xc, 0xd, 0x0, 0x0);
  // credit: aqrit
  __m256i delta_asso;
  if (base64_url) {
    delta_asso =
        _mm256_setr_epi8(0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,
                         0x0, 0x0, 0xF, 0x0, 0xF, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1,
                         0x1, 0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0xF, 0x0, 0xF);
  } else {
    delta_asso = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x0F);
  }

  __m256i delta_values;
  if (base64_url) {
    delta_values = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x13, 0x4, uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xB9),
        uint8_t(0xB9), 0x0, 0x11, uint8_t(0xC3), uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xE0),
        uint8_t(0xB9), uint8_t(0xB9), 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x13, 0x4, uint8_t(0xBF),
        uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xB9), uint8_t(0xB9), 0x0, 0x11, uint8_t(0xC3),
        uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xE0), uint8_t(0xB9), uint8_t(0xB9));
  } else {
    delta_values = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x13), int8_t(0x04),
        int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xB9), int8_t(0xB9), int8_t(0x00),
        int8_t(0x10), int8_t(0xC3), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xB9),
        int8_t(0xB9), int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x13),
        int8_t(0x04), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xB9), int8_t(0xB9),
        int8_t(0x00), int8_t(0x10), int8_t(0xC3), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xBF),
        int8_t(0xB9), int8_t(0xB9));
  }
  __m256i check_asso;

  if (base64_url) {
    check_asso =
        _mm256_setr_epi8(0xD, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x3,
                         0x7, 0xB, 0xE, 0xB, 0x6, 0xD, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1,
                         0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x1, 0x3, 0x7, 0xB, 0xE, 0xB, 0x6);
  } else {

    check_asso = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x07,
        0x0B, 0x0B, 0x0B, 0x0F, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,
        0x01, 0x01, 0x03, 0x07, 0x0B, 0x0B, 0x0B, 0x0F);
  }
  __m256i check_values;
  if (base64_url) {
    check_values = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80),
        uint8_t(0xCF), uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xB6), uint8_t(0xA6),
        uint8_t(0xB5), uint8_t(0xA1), 0x0, uint8_t(0x80), 0x0, uint8_t(0x80),
        0x0, uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0x80),
        uint8_t(0x80), uint8_t(0xCF), uint8_t(0xBF), uint8_t(0xB6),
        uint8_t(0xA6), uint8_t(0xB5), uint8_t(0xA1), 0x0, uint8_t(0x80), 0x0,
        uint8_t(0x80), 0x0, uint8_t(0x80));
  } else {
    check_values = _mm256_setr_epi8(
        int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0xCF),
        int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xD5), int8_t(0xA6), int8_t(0xB5), int8_t(0x86),
        int8_t(0xD1), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0xB1), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x91),
        int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0x80),
        int8_t(0xCF), int8_t(0xBF), int8_t(0xD5), int8_t(0xA6), int8_t(0xB5),
        int8_t(0x86), int8_t(0xD1), int8_t(0x80), int8_t(0xB1), int8_t(0x80),
        int8_t(0x91), int8_t(0x80));
  }
  const __m256i shifted = _mm256_srli_epi32(*src, 3);
  const __m256i delta_hash =
      _mm256_avg_epu8(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(delta_asso, *src), shifted);
  const __m256i check_hash =
      _mm256_avg_epu8(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(check_asso, *src), shifted);
  const __m256i out =
      _mm256_adds_epi8(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(delta_values, delta_hash), *src);
  const __m256i chk =
      _mm256_adds_epi8(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(check_values, check_hash), *src);
  const int mask = _mm256_movemask_epi8(chk);
  if (mask) {
    __m256i ascii_space =
        _mm256_cmpeq_epi8(_mm256_shuffle_epi8(ascii_space_tbl, *src), *src);
    *error = (mask ^ _mm256_movemask_epi8(ascii_space));
  }
  *src = out;
  return (uint32_t)mask;
}

template <bool base64_url>
static inline uint64_t to_base64_mask(block64 *b, uint64_t *error) {
  uint32_t err0 = 0;
  uint32_t err1 = 0;
  uint64_t m0 = to_base64_mask<base64_url>(&b->chunks[0], &err0);
  uint64_t m1 = to_base64_mask<base64_url>(&b->chunks[1], &err1);
  *error = err0 | ((uint64_t)err1 << 32);
  return m0 | (m1 << 32);
}

static inline void copy_block(block64 *b, char *output) {
  _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(output), b->chunks[0]);
  _mm256_storeu_si256(reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(output + 32), b->chunks[1]);
}

static inline uint64_t compress_block(block64 *b, uint64_t mask, char *output) {
  uint64_t nmask = ~mask;
  compress(b->chunks[0], uint32_t(mask), output);
  compress(b->chunks[1], uint32_t(mask >> 32),
           output + _mm_popcnt_u64(nmask & 0xFFFFFFFF));
  return _mm_popcnt_u64(nmask);
}

// The caller of this function is responsible to ensure that there are 64 bytes
// available from reading at src. The data is read into a block64 structure.
static inline void load_block(block64 *b, const char *src) {
  b->chunks[0] = _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src));
  b->chunks[1] =
      _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 32));
}

// The caller of this function is responsible to ensure that there are 128 bytes
// available from reading at src. The data is read into a block64 structure.
static inline void load_block(block64 *b, const char16_t *src) {
  __m256i m1 = _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src));
  __m256i m2 = _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 16));
  __m256i m3 = _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 32));
  __m256i m4 = _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 48));
  __m256i m1p = _mm256_permute2x128_si256(m1, m2, 0x20);
  __m256i m2p = _mm256_permute2x128_si256(m1, m2, 0x31);
  __m256i m3p = _mm256_permute2x128_si256(m3, m4, 0x20);
  __m256i m4p = _mm256_permute2x128_si256(m3, m4, 0x31);
  b->chunks[0] = _mm256_packus_epi16(m1p, m2p);
  b->chunks[1] = _mm256_packus_epi16(m3p, m4p);
}

static inline void base64_decode(char *out, __m256i str) {
  // credit: aqrit
  const __m256i pack_shuffle =
      _mm256_setr_epi8(2, 1, 0, 6, 5, 4, 10, 9, 8, 14, 13, 12, -1, -1, -1, -1,
                       2, 1, 0, 6, 5, 4, 10, 9, 8, 14, 13, 12, -1, -1, -1, -1);
  const __m256i t0 = _mm256_maddubs_epi16(str, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x01400140));
  const __m256i t1 = _mm256_madd_epi16(t0, _mm256_set1_epi32(0x00011000));
  const __m256i t2 = _mm256_shuffle_epi8(t1, pack_shuffle);

  // Store the output:
  _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *)out, _mm256_castsi256_si128(t2));
  _mm_storeu_si128((__m128i *)(out + 12), _mm256_extracti128_si256(t2, 1));
}
// decode 64 bytes and output 48 bytes
static inline void base64_decode_block(char *out, const char *src) {
  base64_decode(out,
                _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src)));
  base64_decode(out + 24, _mm256_loadu_si256(
                              reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 32)));
}
static inline void base64_decode_block_safe(char *out, const char *src) {
  base64_decode(out,
                _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src)));
  char buffer[32]; // We enforce safety with a buffer.
  base64_decode(
      buffer, _mm256_loadu_si256(reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(src + 32)));
  std::memcpy(out + 24, buffer, 24);
}
static inline void base64_decode_block(char *out, block64 *b) {
  base64_decode(out, b->chunks[0]);
  base64_decode(out + 24, b->chunks[1]);
}
static inline void base64_decode_block_safe(char *out, block64 *b) {
  base64_decode(out, b->chunks[0]);
  char buffer[32]; // We enforce safety with a buffer.
  base64_decode(buffer, b->chunks[1]);
  std::memcpy(out + 24, buffer, 24);
}

template <bool base64_url, typename chartype>
full_result
compress_decode_base64(char *dst, const chartype *src, size_t srclen,
                       base64_options options,
                       last_chunk_handling_options last_chunk_options) {
  const uint8_t *to_base64 = base64_url ? tables::base64::to_base64_url_value
                                        : tables::base64::to_base64_value;
  size_t equallocation =
      srclen; // location of the first padding character if any
  // skip trailing spaces
  while (srclen > 0 && scalar::base64::is_eight_byte(src[srclen - 1]) &&
         to_base64[uint8_t(src[srclen - 1])] == 64) {
    srclen--;
  }
  size_t equalsigns = 0;
  if (srclen > 0 && src[srclen - 1] == '=') {
    equallocation = srclen - 1;
    srclen--;
    equalsigns = 1;
    // skip trailing spaces
    while (srclen > 0 && scalar::base64::is_eight_byte(src[srclen - 1]) &&
           to_base64[uint8_t(src[srclen - 1])] == 64) {
      srclen--;
    }
    if (srclen > 0 && src[srclen - 1] == '=') {
      equallocation = srclen - 1;
      srclen--;
      equalsigns = 2;
    }
  }
  if (srclen == 0) {
    if (equalsigns > 0) {
      return {INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER, equallocation, 0};
    }
    return {SUCCESS, 0, 0};
  }
  char *end_of_safe_64byte_zone =
      (srclen + 3) / 4 * 3 >= 63 ? dst + (srclen + 3) / 4 * 3 - 63 : dst;

  const chartype *const srcinit = src;
  const char *const dstinit = dst;
  const chartype *const srcend = src + srclen;

  constexpr size_t block_size = 6;
  static_assert(block_size >= 2, "block_size must be at least two");
  char buffer[block_size * 64];
  char *bufferptr = buffer;
  if (srclen >= 64) {
    const chartype *const srcend64 = src + srclen - 64;
    while (src <= srcend64) {
      block64 b;
      load_block(&b, src);
      src += 64;
      uint64_t error = 0;
      uint64_t badcharmask = to_base64_mask<base64_url>(&b, &error);
      if (error) {
        src -= 64;
        size_t error_offset = _tzcnt_u64(error);
        return {error_code::INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER,
                size_t(src - srcinit + error_offset), size_t(dst - dstinit)};
      }
      if (badcharmask != 0) {
        // optimization opportunity: check for simple masks like those made of
        // continuous 1s followed by continuous 0s. And masks containing a
        // single bad character.
        bufferptr += compress_block(&b, badcharmask, bufferptr);
      } else if (bufferptr != buffer) {
        copy_block(&b, bufferptr);
        bufferptr += 64;
      } else {
        if (dst >= end_of_safe_64byte_zone) {
          base64_decode_block_safe(dst, &b);
        } else {
          base64_decode_block(dst, &b);
        }
        dst += 48;
      }
      if (bufferptr >= (block_size - 1) * 64 + buffer) {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < (block_size - 2); i++) {
          base64_decode_block(dst, buffer + i * 64);
          dst += 48;
        }
        if (dst >= end_of_safe_64byte_zone) {
          base64_decode_block_safe(dst, buffer + (block_size - 2) * 64);
        } else {
          base64_decode_block(dst, buffer + (block_size - 2) * 64);
        }
        dst += 48;
        std::memcpy(buffer, buffer + (block_size - 1) * 64,
                    64); // 64 might be too much
        bufferptr -= (block_size - 1) * 64;
      }
    }
  }

  char *buffer_start = buffer;
  // Optimization note: if this is almost full, then it is worth our
  // time, otherwise, we should just decode directly.
  int last_block = (int)((bufferptr - buffer_start) % 64);
  if (last_block != 0 && srcend - src + last_block >= 64) {

    while ((bufferptr - buffer_start) % 64 != 0 && src < srcend) {
      uint8_t val = to_base64[uint8_t(*src)];
      *bufferptr = char(val);
      if (!scalar::base64::is_eight_byte(*src) || val > 64) {
        return {error_code::INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER, size_t(src - srcinit),
                size_t(dst - dstinit)};
      }
      bufferptr += (val <= 63);
      src++;
    }
  }

  for (; buffer_start + 64 <= bufferptr; buffer_start += 64) {
    if (dst >= end_of_safe_64byte_zone) {
      base64_decode_block_safe(dst, buffer_start);
    } else {
      base64_decode_block(dst, buffer_start);
    }
    dst += 48;
  }
  if ((bufferptr - buffer_start) % 64 != 0) {
    while (buffer_start + 4 < bufferptr) {
      uint32_t triple = ((uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[0])) << 3 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[1])) << 2 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[2])) << 1 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[3])) << 0 * 6))
                        << 8;
      triple = scalar::utf32::swap_bytes(triple);
      std::memcpy(dst, &triple, 4);

      dst += 3;
      buffer_start += 4;
    }
    if (buffer_start + 4 <= bufferptr) {
      uint32_t triple = ((uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[0])) << 3 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[1])) << 2 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[2])) << 1 * 6) +
                         (uint32_t(uint8_t(buffer_start[3])) << 0 * 6))
                        << 8;
      triple = scalar::utf32::swap_bytes(triple);
      std::memcpy(dst, &triple, 3);

      dst += 3;
      buffer_start += 4;
    }
    // we may have 1, 2 or 3 bytes left and we need to decode them so let us
    // backtrack
    int leftover = int(bufferptr - buffer_start);
    while (leftover > 0) {
      while (to_base64[uint8_t(*(src - 1))] == 64) {
        src--;
      }
      src--;
      leftover--;
    }
  }
  if (src < srcend + equalsigns) {
    full_result r = scalar::base64::base64_tail_decode(
        dst, src, srcend - src, equalsigns, options, last_chunk_options);
    r.input_count += size_t(src - srcinit);
    if (r.error == error_code::INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER ||
        r.error == error_code::BASE64_EXTRA_BITS) {
      return r;
    } else {
      r.output_count += size_t(dst - dstinit);
    }
    if (last_chunk_options != stop_before_partial &&
        r.error == error_code::SUCCESS && equalsigns > 0) {
      // additional checks
      if ((r.output_count % 3 == 0) ||
          ((r.output_count % 3) + 1 + equalsigns != 4)) {
        r.error = error_code::INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER;
        r.input_count = equallocation;
      }
    }
    return r;
  }
  if (equalsigns > 0) {
    if ((size_t(dst - dstinit) % 3 == 0) ||
        ((size_t(dst - dstinit) % 3) + 1 + equalsigns != 4)) {
      return {INVALID_BASE64_CHARACTER, equallocation, size_t(dst - dstinit)};
    }
  }
  return {SUCCESS, srclen, size_t(dst - dstinit)};
}