SHA-1: collision detection support

SHA-1: collision detection support

Update SHA1 class to include a Java port of sha1dc[1]'s ubc_check,
which can detect the attack pattern used by the SHAttered[2] authors.

Given the shattered example files that have the same SHA-1, this
modified implementation can identify there is risk of collision given
only one file in the pair:

  $ jgit ...
  [main] WARN org.eclipse.jgit.util.sha1.SHA1 - SHA-1 collision 38762cf7f55934b34d179ae6a4c80cadccbb7f0a

When JGit detects probability of a collision the SHA1 class now warns
on the logger, reporting the object's SHA-1 hash, and then throws a
Sha1CollisionException to the caller.

From the paper[3] by Marc Stevens, the probability of a false positive
identification of a collision is about 14 * 2^(-160), sufficiently low
enough for any detected collision to likely be a real collision.

git-core[4] may adopt sha1dc before the system migrates to an entirely
new hash function.  This commit enables JGit to remain compatible with
that move to sha1dc, and help protect users by warning if similar
attacks as SHAttered are identified.

Performance declined about 8% (detection off), now:

  MessageDigest        238.41 MiB/s
  MessageDigest        244.52 MiB/s
  MessageDigest        244.06 MiB/s
  MessageDigest        242.58 MiB/s

  SHA1                 216.77 MiB/s (was ~240.83 MiB/s)
  SHA1                 220.98 MiB/s
  SHA1                 221.76 MiB/s
  SHA1                 221.34 MiB/s

This decline in throughput is attributed to the step loop unrolling in
compress(), which was necessary to easily fit the UbcCheck logic into
the hash function.  Using helper functions s1-s4 reduces the code
explosion, providing acceptable throughput.

With detection enabled (default):

  SHA1 detectCollision 180.12 MiB/s
  SHA1 detectCollision 181.59 MiB/s
  SHA1 detectCollision 181.64 MiB/s
  SHA1 detectCollision 182.24 MiB/s

  sha1dc (native C)   ~206.28 MiB/s
  sha1dc (native C)   ~204.47 MiB/s
  sha1dc (native C)   ~203.74 MiB/s

Average time across 100,000 calls to hash 4100 bytes (such as a commit
or tree) for the various algorithms available to JGit also shows SHA1
is slower than MessageDigest, but by an acceptable margin:

  MessageDigest        17 usec
  SHA1                 18 usec
  SHA1 detectCollision 22 usec

Time to index-pack for git.git (217982 objects, 69 MiB) has increased:

  MessageDigest   SHA1 w/ detectCollision
  -------------   -----------------------
         20.12s   25.25s
         19.87s   25.48s
         20.04s   25.26s

    avg  20.01s   25.33s    +26%

Being implemented in Java with these additional safety checks is
clearly a penalty, but throughput is still acceptable given the
increased security against object name collisions.

[1] https://github.com/cr-marcstevens/sha1collisiondetection
[2] https://shattered.it/
[3] https://marc-stevens.nl/research/papers/C13-S.pdf
[4] https://public-inbox.org/git/20170223230621.43anex65ndoqbgnf@sigill.intra.peff.net/

Change-Id: I9fe4c6d8fc5e5a661af72cd3246c9e67b1b9fee6