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diff --git a/lib/private/AppFramework/Middleware/MiddlewareDispatcher.php b/lib/private/AppFramework/Middleware/MiddlewareDispatcher.php
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+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+/**
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016-2024 Nextcloud GmbH and Nextcloud contributors
+ * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2016 ownCloud, Inc.
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
+ */
+namespace OC\AppFramework\Middleware;
+
+use OCP\AppFramework\Controller;
+use OCP\AppFramework\Http\Response;
+use OCP\AppFramework\Middleware;
+
+/**
+ * This class is used to store and run all the middleware in correct order
+ */
+class MiddlewareDispatcher {
+ /**
+ * @var Middleware[] array containing all the middlewares
+ */
+ private array $middlewares;
+
+ /**
+ * @var int counter which tells us what middleware was executed once an
+ * exception occurs
+ */
+ private int $middlewareCounter;
+
+
+ /**
+ * Constructor
+ */
+ public function __construct() {
+ $this->middlewares = [];
+ $this->middlewareCounter = 0;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * Adds a new middleware
+ * @param Middleware $middleWare the middleware which will be added
+ */
+ public function registerMiddleware(Middleware $middleWare): void {
+ $this->middlewares[] = $middleWare;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * returns an array with all middleware elements
+ * @return Middleware[] the middlewares
+ */
+ public function getMiddlewares(): array {
+ return $this->middlewares;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * This is being run in normal order before the controller is being
+ * called which allows several modifications and checks
+ *
+ * @param Controller $controller the controller that is being called
+ * @param string $methodName the name of the method that will be called on
+ * the controller
+ */
+ public function beforeController(Controller $controller, string $methodName): void {
+ // we need to count so that we know which middlewares we have to ask in
+ // case there is an exception
+ $middlewareCount = \count($this->middlewares);
+ for ($i = 0; $i < $middlewareCount; $i++) {
+ $this->middlewareCounter++;
+ $middleware = $this->middlewares[$i];
+ $middleware->beforeController($controller, $methodName);
+ }
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * This is being run when either the beforeController method or the
+ * controller method itself is throwing an exception. The middleware is asked
+ * in reverse order to handle the exception and to return a response.
+ * If the response is null, it is assumed that the exception could not be
+ * handled and the error will be thrown again
+ *
+ * @param Controller $controller the controller that is being called
+ * @param string $methodName the name of the method that will be called on
+ * the controller
+ * @param \Exception $exception the thrown exception
+ * @return Response a Response object if the middleware can handle the
+ * exception
+ * @throws \Exception the passed in exception if it can't handle it
+ */
+ public function afterException(Controller $controller, string $methodName, \Exception $exception): Response {
+ for ($i = $this->middlewareCounter - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
+ $middleware = $this->middlewares[$i];
+ try {
+ return $middleware->afterException($controller, $methodName, $exception);
+ } catch (\Exception $exception) {
+ continue;
+ }
+ }
+ throw $exception;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * This is being run after a successful controllermethod call and allows
+ * the manipulation of a Response object. The middleware is run in reverse order
+ *
+ * @param Controller $controller the controller that is being called
+ * @param string $methodName the name of the method that will be called on
+ * the controller
+ * @param Response $response the generated response from the controller
+ * @return Response a Response object
+ */
+ public function afterController(Controller $controller, string $methodName, Response $response): Response {
+ for ($i = \count($this->middlewares) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
+ $middleware = $this->middlewares[$i];
+ $response = $middleware->afterController($controller, $methodName, $response);
+ }
+ return $response;
+ }
+
+
+ /**
+ * This is being run after the response object has been rendered and
+ * allows the manipulation of the output. The middleware is run in reverse order
+ *
+ * @param Controller $controller the controller that is being called
+ * @param string $methodName the name of the method that will be called on
+ * the controller
+ * @param string $output the generated output from a response
+ * @return string the output that should be printed
+ */
+ public function beforeOutput(Controller $controller, string $methodName, string $output): string {
+ for ($i = \count($this->middlewares) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
+ $middleware = $this->middlewares[$i];
+ $output = $middleware->beforeOutput($controller, $methodName, $output);
+ }
+ return $output;
+ }
+}