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diff --git a/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_alt.fo b/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_alt.fo new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f76424ed2 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_alt.fo @@ -0,0 +1,1053 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> + +<fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"> + + <!-- defines page layout --> + <fo:layout-master-set> + + <!-- layout for the first page --> + <fo:simple-page-master master-name="right" + page-height="21.7cm" + page-width="16cm" + margin-top="1cm" + margin-bottom="1cm" + margin-left="3.5cm" + margin-right="1.5cm"> + <fo:region-before extent="2cm"/> + <fo:region-body margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm"/> + <fo:region-after extent="2cm"/> + </fo:simple-page-master> + + <fo:simple-page-master master-name="left" + page-height="21.7cm" + page-width="16cm" + margin-top="1cm" + margin-bottom="1cm" + margin-left="1.5cm" + margin-right="3.5cm"> + <fo:region-before extent="2cm"/> + <fo:region-body margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm"/> + <fo:region-after extent="2cm"/> + </fo:simple-page-master> + + <fo:simple-page-master master-name="center" + page-height="21.7cm" + page-width="16cm" + margin-top="1cm" + margin-bottom="1cm" + margin-left="2.5cm" + margin-right="2.5cm"> + <fo:region-before extent="2cm"/> + <fo:region-body margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm"/> + <fo:region-after extent="2cm"/> + </fo:simple-page-master> + + <fo:page-sequence-master master-name="alternating"> + <fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives maximum-repeats="no-limit"> + <fo:conditional-page-master-reference master-name="right" + odd-or-even="odd" /> + <fo:conditional-page-master-reference master-name="left" + odd-or-even="even" /> + <fo:conditional-page-master-reference master-name="center"/> + </fo:repeatable-page-master-alternatives> + </fo:page-sequence-master> + + </fo:layout-master-set> + <!-- end: defines page layout --> + + <!-- actual layout --> + <fo:page-sequence master-name="alternating" initial-page-number="1"> + + <!-- header --> + <fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-before"> + <fo:block text-align="start" font-size="10pt" + font-family="sans-serif" + line-height="10pt" > + John Franklin - Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea + </fo:block> + </fo:static-content> + + <fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-after"> + <fo:block text-align="end" + font-size="10pt" + font-family="sans-serif" + line-height="14pt" > + p. <fo:page-number/> + </fo:block> + </fo:static-content> + + <fo:flow flow-name="xsl-body"> + + <!-- defines local TOC --> + <fo:block font-size="10pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-before.optimum="10pt" + space-after.optimum="10pt" + text-align="start" + padding-top="6pt"> +Journey across the barren Grounds - Difficulty and delay in crossing Copper-Mine River - +Melancholy and fatal Results thereof - Extreme Misery of the whole Party - Murder of +Mr. Hood - Death of several of the Canadians - Desolate State of Fort Enterprise - +Distress suffered at that Place - Dr. Richardson's Narrative - Mr. Back's Narrative - +Conclusion. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">1821. August 17. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +MY original intention, whenever the season should +compel us to relinquish the survey, had been to return by the way +of the Copper-Mine River, and in pursuance of my arrangement +with the Hook to travel to Slave Lake through the line of woods +extending thither by the Great Bear and Marten Lakes, but our +scanty stock of provision and the length of the voyage rendered it +necessary to make for a nearer place. We had already found that +the country, between Cape Barrow and the Copper-Mine River, +would not supply our wants, and this it seemed probable would now +be still more the case ; besides, at this advanced season, we expected +the frequent recurrence of gales, which would cause great detention, +if not danger in proceeding along that very rocky part of the coast. +I determined, therefore, to make at once for Arctic Sound, where +we had found the animals more numerous than at any other place ; +and entering Hood's River, to advance up that stream as far as it +was navigable, and then to construct small canoes out of the +materials of the larger ones, which could be carried in crossing the +barren grounds to Fort Enterprise. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">August 19. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +We were almost beaten out of our comfortless abodes +by rain during the night, and this morning the gale continued +without diminution. The thermometer fell to 33 deg. Two men were +sent with Junius to search for the deer which Augustus had killed. +Junius returned in the evening bringing part of the meat, but owing +to the thickness of the weather, his companions parted from him +and did not make their appearance. Divine service was read. On +the 20th we were presented with the most chilling prospect, the +small pools of water being frozen over, the ground being covered +with snow, and the thermometer at the freezing point at mid-day. +Flights of geese were passing to the southward. The wind however +was more moderate, having changed to the eastward. Considerable +anxiety prevailing respecting Belanger and Michel, the two men +who strayed from Junius yesterday, the rest were sent out to look +for them. The search was successful, and they all returned in the +evening. The stragglers were much fatigued, and had suffered +severely from the cold, one of them having his thighs frozen, and +what under our present circumstances was most grievous, they had +thrown away all the meat. The wind during the night returned to +the north-west quarter, blew more violently than ever, and raised a +very turbulent sea. The next day did not improve our condition, +the snow remained on the ground, and the small pools were frozen. +Our hunters were sent out, but they returned after a fatiguing +day's march without having seen any animals. We made a scanty +meal off a handful of pemmican, after which only half a bag +remained. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The wind abated after midnight, and the surf diminished rapidly, +which caused us to be on the alert at a very early hour on the 22d, +but we had to wait until six A.M. for the return of Augustus who +had continued out all night on an unsuccessful pursuit of deer. +It appears that he had walked a few miles farther along the coast, +than the party had done on the 18th, and from a sketch he drew on +the sand, we were confirmed in our former opinion that the shore +inclined more to the eastward beyond Point Turnagain. He also +drew a river of considerable size, that discharges its waters into +Walker's Bay; on the banks of which stream he saw a piece of +wood, such as the Esquimaux use in producing fire, and other marks +so fresh that he supposed they had recently visited the spot. We +therefore left several iron materials for them. Our men, cheered by +the prospect of returning, embarked with the utmost alacrity; and, +paddling with unusual vigour, carried us across Riley's and Walker's +Bays, a distance of twenty miles before noon, when we landed on +Slate-Clay Point, as the wind had freshened too much to permit us +to continue the voyage. The whole party went to hunt, but returned +without success in the evening, drenched with the heavy rain which +commenced soon after they had set out. Several deer were seen, +but could not be approached in this naked country; and as our +stock of pemmican did not admit of serving out two meals, we went +dinnerless to bed. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Soon after our departure to-day, a sealed tin-case, sufficiently +buoyant to float, was thrown overboard, containing a short account of +our proceedings, and the position of the most conspicuous points. +The wind blew off the land, the water was smooth, and as the sea +is in this part more free from islands than in any other, there was +every probability of its being driven off the shore into the current ; +which, as I have before mentioned, we suppose, from the circumstance +of Mackenzie's River being the only known stream that +brings down the wood we have found along the shores, to set to the +eastward. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">August 23. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +A severe frost caused us to pass a comfortless night. +At two P.M. we set sail, and the men voluntarily launched out to +make a traverse of fifteen miles across Melville Sound, before a +strong wind and heavy sea. The privation of food, under which +our voyagers were then labouring, absorbed every other terror; +otherwise the most powerful persuasion could not have induced +them to attempt such a traverse. It was with the utmost difficulty +that the canoes were kept from turning their broadsides to the +waves, though we sometimes steered with all the paddles. One of +them narrowly escaped being overset by this accident, happening +in mid-channel, where the waves were so high that the mast-head +of our canoe was often hid from the other, though it was sailing +within hail. The annexed plate, from Mr. Back's sketch, will convey +to the reader an accurate idea of the peril of our situation. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The traverse, however, was made;we were then near a high +rocky lee shore, on which a heavy surf was beating. The wind +being on the beam, the canoes drifted fast to leeward; and, on +rounding a point, the recoil of the sea from the rocks was so great +that they were with difficulty kept from foundering. We looked in +vain for a sheltered bay to land in ; but, at length, being unable to +weather another point, we were obliged to put ashore on the open +beach, which, fortunately, was sandy at this spot. The debarkation +was effected in the manner represented in the plate; and, fortunately, +without further injury than the splitting of the head of +the second canoe, which was easily repaired. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Our encampment being near to the place where we killed the deer +on the 11th, almost the whole party went out to hunt, but they +returned in the evening without having seen any game. The +berries, however, were ripe and plentiful, and, with the addition +of some country tea, furnished a supper. There were some showers +in the afternoon,and the weather was cold, the thermometer +being 42 deg, but the evening and night were calm and fine. It may be +remarked that the mosquitoes disappeared when the late gales +commenced. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">August 25. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Embarking at three A. M., we stretched across +the eastern entrance of Bathurst's Inlet, and arrived at an island, +which I have named after Colonel Barry, of Newton Barry. Some +deer being seen on the beach, the hunters went in pursuit of +them, and succeeded in killing three females, which enabled us to +save our last remaining meal of pemmican. They saw also some +fresh tracks of musk oxen on the banks of a small stream, which +flowed into a lake in the centre of the island. These animals must +have crossed a channel, at least, three miles wide, to reach the nearest +of these islands. Some specimens of variegated pebbles and jasper +were found here imbedded in the amygdaloidal rock. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Re-embarking at two P.M., and continuing through what was +supposed to be a channel between two islands, we found our passage +barred by a gravelly isthmus of only ten yards in width ; the canoes +and cargoes were carried across it, and we passed into Bathurst's Inlet +through another similar channel, bounded on both sides by steep +rocky hills. The wind then changing from S.E. to N.W. brought +heavy rain, and we encamped at seven P.M., having advanced +eighteen miles. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Starting this morning with a fresh breeze in our favour, +we soon reached that part of Barry's Island where the canoes were +detained on the 2d and 3rd of this month, and contrary to what we +then experienced, the deer were now plentiful. The hunters killed +two, and we were relieved from all apprehension of an immediate +want of food. One would suppose the deer were about to retire to +the main shore from their assembling at this time in such numbers +on the islands nearest to the coast. Those we saw were generally +females with their young, and all of them very lean. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The wind continued in the same direction until we had rounded +Point Wollaston, and then changed to a quarter, which enabled us +to steer for Hood's River, which we ascended as high as the first +rapid and encamped. Here terminated our voyage on the Arctic +sea, during which we had gone over six hundred and fifty geographical +miles. Our Canadian voyagers could not restrain their expressions +of joy at having turned their backs on the sea, and +they passed the evening talking over their past adventures with +much humour and no little exaggeration. The consideration that +the most painful, and certainly the most hazardous, part of the +journey was yet to come, did not depress their spirits at all. It is +due to their character to mention that they displayed much courage +in encountering the dangers of the sea, magnified to them by their +novelty. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The shores between Cape Barrow and Cape Flinders, including +the extensive branches of Arctic and Melville Sounds, and Bathurst's +Inlet, may be comprehended in one great gulf, which I have distinguished +by the appellation of George IV.'s Coronation Gulf, in +honour of His Most Gracious Majesty, the latter name being added +to mark the time of its discovery. The Archipelago of islands which +fringe the coast from Copper-Mine River to Point Turnagain, I have +named in honour of His Royal Highness the Duke of York. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +It may be deserving of notice that the extremes in temperature +of the sea water during our voyage were 53 deg and 35 deg, but its general +temperature was between 43 deg and 48 deg. Throughout our return from +Point Turnagain we observed that the sea had risen several feet +above marks left at our former encampments. This may, perhaps, +be attributed to the north-west gales. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">August 26. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Previous to our departure this morning, an assortment +of iron materials, beads, looking-glasses, and other articles +were put up in a conspicuous situation for the Esquimaux, and the +English Union was planted on the loftiest sand-hill, where it might +be seen by any ships passing in the offing. Here also, was deposited +in a tin bow a letter containing an outline of our proceedings, the +latitude and longitude of the principal places, and the course we +intended to pursue towards Slave Lake. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Embarking at eight A.M. we proceeded up the river, which is full +of sandy shoals, but sufficiently deep for canoes in the channels. It is +from one hundred to two hundred yards wide, and is bounded by high +and steep banks of clay. We encamped at a cascade of eighteen or +twenty feet high, which is produced by a ridge of rock crossing the +river, and the nets were set. A mile below this cascade Hood's +River is joined by a stream half its own size, which I have called +James' Branch. Bear and deer tracks had been numerous on the +banks of the river when we were here before, but not a single recent +one was to be seen at this time. Credit, however, killed a small +deer at some distance inland, which, with the addition of berries, +furnished a delightful repast this evening. The weather was remarkably +fine, and the temperature so mild, that the mosquitoes again +made their appearance, but not in any great numbers. Our distance +made to-day was not more than six miles. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The next morning the net furnished us with ten white fish +and trout. Having made a further deposit of iron work for the +Esquimaux we pursued our voyage up the river, but the shoals and +rapids in this part were so frequent, that we walked along the banks +the whole day, and the crews laboured hard in carrying the canoes +thus lightened over the shoals or dragging them up the rapids, yet +our journey in a direct line was only about seven miles. In the +evening we encamped at the lower end of a narrow chasm through +which the river flows for upwards of a mile. The walls of this +chasm are upwards of two hundred feet high, quite perpendicular, +and in some places only a few yards apart. The river precipitates +itself into it over a rock, forming two magnificent and picturesque +falls close to each other. The upper fall is about sixty feet high, and +the lower one at least one hundred, but perhaps considerably more, +for the narrowness of the chasm into which it fell prevented us from +seeing its bottom, and we could merely discern the top of the spray +far beneath our feet. The lower fall is divided into two, by an +insulated column of rock which rises about forty feet above it. The +whole descent of the river at this place probably exceeds two +hundred and fifty feet. The rock is very fine felspathose sandstone. +It has a smooth surface and a light red colour. I have named these +magnificent cascades Wilberforce Falls, as a tribute of my respect +for that distinguished philanthropist and Christian. Messrs. Back and +Hood took beautiful sketches of this majestic scene, which are +combined in the annexed plate. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The river being surveyed from the summit of a hill, above these +falls, appeared so rapid and shallow, that it seemed useless to +attempt proceeding any farther in the large canoes. I therefore +determined on constructing out of their materials two smaller ones +of sufficient size to contain three persons, for the purpose of crossing +any river that might obstruct our progress. This operation was +accordingly commenced, and by the 31st both the canoes being +finished, we prepared for our departure on the following day. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The leather which had been preserved for making shoes was +equally divided among the men, two pairs of flannel socks were given +to each person, and such articles of warm clothing as remained, were +issued to those who most required them. They were also furnished +with one of the officers' tents. This being done, I communicated to +the men my intention of proceeding in as direct a course as possible +to the part of Point Lake, opposite to our spring encampment +which was only distant one hundred and forty-nine miles in a +straight line. They received the communication cheerfully, considered +the journey to be short, and left me, in high spirits, to +arrange their own packages. The stores, books, &c., which were not +absolutely necessary to be carried, were then put up in boxes to be +left en cache here, in order that the men's burdens might be as light +as possible. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The next morning was warm, and very fine. Every one was on +the alert at an early hour, being anxious to commence the journey. +Our luggage consisted of ammunition, nets, hatchets, ice chisels, +astronomical instruments, clothing, blankets, three kettles, and +the two canoes, which were each carried by one man. The +officers carried such a portion of their own things as their strength +would permit;the weight carried by each man was about ninety +pounds, and with this we advanced at the rate of about a mile an +hour, including rests. In the evening the hunters killed a lean cow, +out of a large drove of musk-oxen; but the men were too much +laden to carry more than a small portion of its flesh. The alluvial +soil, which towards the mouth of the river spreads into plains, +covered with grass and willows, was now giving place to a more +barren and hilly country; so that we could but just collect sufficient +brush wood to cook our suppers. The part of the river we skirted +to-day was shallow, and flowed over a bed of sand ; its width about +one hundred and twenty yards. About midnight our tent was blown +down by a squall, and we were completely drenched with rain before +it could be re-pitched. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +In the morning of the 1st of September a fall of snow took +place; the canoes became a cause of delay, by the difficulty of +carrying them in a high wind, and they sustained much damage +from the falls of those who had charge of them. The face of the +country was broken by hills of moderate elevation, but the ground +was plentifully strewed with small stones, which, to men bearing +heavy burthens, and whose feet were protected only by soft moose +skin shoes, occasioned great pain. At the end of eleven miles we +encamped, and sent for a musk-ox and a deer, which St. Germain +and Augustus had killed. The day was extremely cold, the ther-mometer +varying between 34 deg and 36 deg. In the afternoon a heavy +fall of snow took place, on the wind changing from north-west to +south-west. We found no wood at the encampment, but made a +fire of moss to cook the supper, and crept under our blankets for +warmth. At sun-rise the thermometer was at 31 deg, and the wind +fresh from north-west; but the weather became mild in the course +of the forenoon, and the snow disappeared from the gravel. The +afternoon was remarkably fine, and the thermometer rose to 50 deg. +One of the hunters killed a musk-ox. The hills in this part are +lower and more round-backed than those we passed yesterday, and +exhibited but little naked rock; they were covered with lichens. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Having ascertained from the summit of the highest hill near the +tents, that the river continued to preserve a west course; and fear-ing +that by pursuing it further we might lose much time, and un-necessarily +walk over a great deal of ground, I determined on +quitting its banks the next day, and making as directly as we could for +Point Lake. We accordingly followed the river on the 3d, only to +the place where the musk-ox had been killed last evening, and after +the meat was procured, crossed the river in our two canoes lashed +together. We now emerged from the valley of the river, and entered +a level, but very barren, country, varied only by small lakes and +marshes, the ground being covered with small stones. Many old tracks +of rein-deer were seen in the clayey soil, and some more recent +ones of the musk-ox. We encamped on the borders of Wright's +River, which flows to the eastward; the direct distance walked to-day +being ten miles and three-quarters. The next morning was +very fine, and,as the day advanced, the weather became quite +warm. We set out at six A. M., and, having forded the river, +walked over a perfectly level country, interspersed with small lakes, +which communicated with each other, by streams running in various +directions. No berry-bearing plants were found in this part, the +surface of the earth being thinly covered in the moister places with +a few grasses, and on the drier spots with lichens. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Having walked twelve miles and a half, we encamped at seven P.M., +and distributed our last piece of pemmican, and a little arrow-root +for supper, which afforded but a scanty meal. This evening was +warm, but dark clouds overspread the sky. Our men now began to +find their burdens very oppressive, and were much fatigued by this +day's march, but did not complain. One of them was lame from an +inflammation in the knee. Heavy rain commenced at midnight, and +continued without intermission until five in the morning, when it +was succeeded by snow on the wind changing to north-west, which +soon increased to a violent gale. As we had nothing to eat, and +were destitute of the means of making a fire, we remained in our +beds all the day ; but the covering of our blankets was insufficient to +prevent us from feeling the severity of the frost, and suffering in-convenience +from the drifting of the snow into our tents. There +was no abatement of the storm next day ; our tents were completely +frozen, and the snow had drifted around them to a depth of three +feet, and even in the inside there was a covering of several inches on +our blankets. Our suffering from cold, in a comfortless canvass tent +in such weather, with the temperature at 20 deg, and without fire, +will easily be imagined;it was, however, less than that which we +felt from hunger. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The morning of the 7th cleared up a little, but the wind was still +strong, and the weather extremely cold. From the unusual con-tinuance +of the storm, we feared the winter had set in with all its +rigour, and that by longer delay we should only be exposed to an +accumulation of difficulties; we therefore prepared for our journey, +although we were in a very unfit condition for starting, being weak +from fasting, and our garments stiffened by the frost. We had no +means of making a fire to thaw them, the moss, at all times difficult +to kindle, being now covered with ice and snow. A considerable +time was consumed in packing up the frozen tents and bed clothes, +the wind blowing so strong that no one could keep his hands long +out of his mittens. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +Just as we were about to commence our march, I was seized with +a fainting fit, in consequence of exhaustion and sudden exposure to +the wind; but after eating a morsel of portable soup, I recovered, so +far as to be able to move on. I was unwilling at first to take this +morsel of soup, which was diminishing the small and only remaining +meal for the party; but several of the men urged me to it, with +much kindness. The ground was covered a foot deep with snow, +the margin of the lakes was incrusted with ice, and the swamps over +which we had to pass were entirely frozen; but the ice not being +sufficiently strong to bear us, we frequently plunged knee-deep in +water. Those who carried the canoes were repeatedly blown down +by the violence of the wind, and they often fell, from making an +insecure step on a slippery stone; on one of these occasions, the +largest canoe was so much broken as to be rendered utterly unser-viceable. +This was felt as a serious disaster, as the remaining canoe +having through mistake been made too small, it was doubtful +whether it would be sufficient to carry us across a river. Indeed +we had found it necessary in crossing Hood's River, to lash the two +canoes together. As there was some suspicion that Benoit, who +carried the canoe, had broken it intentionally, he having on a former +occasion been overheard by some of the men to say, that he would +do so when he got it in charge, we closely examined him on the +point; he roundly denied having used the expressions attributed to +him, and insisted that it was broken by his falling accidentally; and +as he brought men to attest the latter fact, who saw him tumble, we +did not press the matter further. I may here remark that our +people had murmured a good deal at having to carry two canoes, +though they were informed of the necessity of taking both, in case +it should be deemed advisable to divide the party; which it had +been thought probable we should be obliged to do, if animals proved +scarce, in order to give the whole the better chance of procuring +subsistence, and also for the purpose of sending forward some of the +best walkers to search for Indians, and to get them to meet us with +supplies of provision. The power of doing this was now at an end. +As the accident could not be remedied we turned it to the best +account by making a fire of the bark and timbers of the broken +vessel, and cooked the remainder of our portable soup and arrow-root. +This was a scanty meal after three days' fasting, but it served +to allay the pangs of hunger, and enabled us to proceed at a quicker +pace than before. The depth of the snow caused us to march in +Indian file, that is in each other's steps; the voyagers taking it in +turn to lead the party. A distant object was pointed out to this +man in the direction we wished to take, and Mr. Hood followed +immediately behind him, to renew the bearings, and keep him from +deviating more than could be helped from the mark. It may be +here observed, that we proceeded in this manner throughout our +route across the barren grounds. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +In the afternoon we got into a more hilly country, where the +ground was strewed with large stones. The surface of these was +covered with lichens of the genus gyrophora, which the Canadians +term tripe de roche. A considerable quantity was gathered, and +with half a partridge each, (which were shot in the course of the +day,) furnished us with a slender supper, which we cooked with a +few willows, dug up from beneath the snow. We passed a comfortless +night in our damp clothes, but took the precaution of sleeping upon +our socks and shoes to prevent them from freezing. This plan was +afterwards adopted throughout the journey. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +At half past five in the morning we proceeded; and after walking +about two miles, came to Cracroft's River, flowing to the westward, +with a very rapid current over a rocky channel. We had much diffi-culty +in crossing this, the canoe being useless, not only from the bot-tom +of the channel being obstructed by large stones, but also from its +requiring gumming, an operation which, owing to the want of wood +and the frost, we were unable to perform. However, after following +the course of the river some way, we effected a passage by means of a +range of large rocks that crossed a rapid. As the current was strong, +and many of the rocks were covered with water to the depth of two +or three feet, the men were exposed to much danger in carrying their +heavy burthens across, and several of them actually slipped into the +stream, but were immediately rescued by the others. Junius went +farther up the river in search of a better crossing place, and did not +rejoin us to-day. As several of the party were drenched from head to +foot, and we were all wet to the middle, our clothes became stiff with +the frost, and we walked with much pain for the remainder of the day. +The march was continued to a late hour, being anxious to rejoin the +hunters who had gone before, but we were obliged to encamp at the +end of ten miles and a quarter, without seeing them. Our only +meal to-day consisted of a partridge each, (which the hunters shot,) +mixed with tripe de roche. This repast although scanty for men, +with appetites such as our daily fatigue created, proved a cheerful +one, and was received with thankfulness. Most of the men had to +sleep in the open air, in consequence of the absence of Credit, who +carried their tent; but we fortunately found an unusual quantity of +roots to make a fire, which prevented their suffering much from the +cold, though the thermometer was at 17 deg. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +We started at six on the 9th, and at the end of two miles re-gained +our hunters, who were halting on the borders of a lake amidst +a clump of stunted willows. This lake stretched to the westward as +far as we could see, and its waters were discharged by a rapid stream +one hundred and fifty yards wide. Being entirely ignorant where +we might be led by pursuing the course of the lake, and dreading +the idea of going a mile unnecessarily out of the way, we deter-mined +on crossing the river if possible; and the canoe was gummed +for the purpose, the willows furnishing us with fire. But we had to +await the return of Junius before we could make the traverse. In +the mean time we gathered a little tripe de roche, and breakfasted +upon it and a few partridges that were killed in the morning. +St. Germain and Adam were sent upon some recent tracks of deer. +Junius arrived in the afternoon, and informed us that he had seen +a large herd of musk-oxen on the banks of Cracroft's River, and had +wounded one of them, but it had escaped. He brought about four +pounds of meat, the remains of a deer that had been devoured by +the wolves. The poor fellow was much fatigued, having walked +throughout the night, but as the weather was particularly favourable +for our crossing the river, we could not allow him to rest. After he +had taken some refreshment we proceeded to the river. The canoe +being put into the water was found extremely ticklish, but it was +managed with much dexterity by St. Germain, Adam, and Peltier, +who ferried over one passenger at a time, causing him to lie flat in its +bottom, by no means a pleasant position, owing to its leakiness, but +there was no alternative. The transport of the whole party was +effected by five o'clock, and we walked about two miles further, and +encamped, having come five miles and three quarters on a south-west +course. Two young alpine hares were shot by St. Germain, which, +with the small piece of meat brought in by Junius, furnished the +supper of the whole party. There was no tripe de roche here. The +country had now become decidedly hilly, and was covered with snow. +The lake preserved its western direction, as far as I could see from +the summit of the highest mountain near the encampment. We +subsequently learned from the Copper Indians, that the part at +which we had crossed the river was the Congecatha-wha-chaga of +Hearne, of which I had little idea at the time, not only from the +difference of latitude, but also from its being so much farther east of +the mouth of the Copper-Mine River, than his track is laid down. +He only making one degree and three quarters difference of lon-gitude, +and we, upwards of four. Had I been aware of the fact, +several days harassing march, and a disastrous accident would have +been prevented by keeping on the western side of the lake, instead +of crossing the river. We were informed also, that this river is +the Anatessy or River of Strangers, and is supposed to fall into +Bathurst's Inlet; but although the Indians have visited its mouth, +their description was not sufficient to identify it with any of the +rivers whose mouths we had seen. It probably falls in that part of +the coast which was hid from our view by Goulburn's or Elliot's +Islands. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">September 10. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +We had a cold north wind, and the atmosphere +was foggy. The thermometer 18 deg at five A.M. In the course of +our march this morning, we passed many small lakes; and the +ground becoming higher and more hilly as we receded from the +river, was covered to a much greater depth with snow. This ren-dered +walking not only extremely laborious, but also hazardous in +the highest degree;for the sides of the hills, as is usual throughout +the barren grounds, abounding in accumulations of large angular +stones, it often happened that the men fell into the interstices +with their loads on their backs, being deceived by the smooth +appearance of the drifted snow. If any one had broken a limb +here, his fate would have been melancholy indeed; we could neither +have remained with him, nor carried him on. We halted at ten to +gather tripe de roche,but it was so frozen, that we were quite +benumbed with cold before a sufficiency could be collected even for +a scanty meal. On proceeding our men were somewhat cheered, by +observing on the sandy summit of a hill, from whence the snow had +been blown, the summer track of a man; and afterwards by seeing +several deer tracks on the snow. About noon the weather cleared +up a little, and, to our great joy, we saw a herd of musk-oxen +grazing in a valley below us. The party instantly halted, and the +best hunters were sent out; they approached the animals with the +utmost caution, no less than two hours being consumed before they +got within gun-shot. In the mean time we beheld their proceed-ings +with extreme anxiety, and many secret prayers were, doubtless, +offered up for their success. At length they opened their fire, and +we had the satisfaction of seeing one of the largest cows fall; another +was wounded, but escaped. This success infused spirit into our +starving party. To skin and cut up the animal was the work of a +few minutes. The contents of its stomach were devoured upon +the spot, and the raw intestines, which were next attacked, were +pronounced by the most delicate amongst us to be excellent. A few +willows, whose tops were seen peeping through the snow in the bottom +of the valley, were quickly grubbed, the tents pitched, and supper +cooked, and devoured with avidity. This was the sixth day since we +had had a good meal. The tripe de roche, even where we got +enough, only serving to allay the pangs of hunger for a short time. +After supper, two of the hunters went in pursuit of the herd, but +could not get near them. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +We were detained all the next day by a strong southerly wind, +and were much incommoded in the tents by the drift snow. The +temperature was 20 deg. The average for the last ten days about +24.5 deg. We restricted ourselves to one meal to-day as we were at +rest, and there was only meat remaining sufficient for the next day. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +The gale had not diminished on the 12th, and, as we were +fearful of its continuance for some time, we determined on going +forward; our only doubt regarded the preservation of the canoe, +but the men promised to pay particular attention to it, and the +most careful persons were appointed to take it in charge. The snow +was two feet deep, and the ground much broken, which rendered +the march extremely painful. The whole party complained more of +faintness and weakness than they had ever done before; their +strength seemed to have been impaired by the recent supply of +animal food. In the afternoon the wind abated, and the snow ceased; +cheered with the change we proceeded forward at a quicker pace, +and encamped at six P. M., having come eleven miles. Our supper +consumed the last of our meat. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +We set out on the 13th, in thick hazy weather, and, after an hour's +march, had the extreme mortification to find ourselves on the +borders of a large lake, which we subsequently learned from the +Indians was named Contwoy-to, or Rum Lake; neither of its extre- +mities could be seen, and as the portion which lay to the east +seemed the widest, we coasted along to the westward portion in +search of a crossing-place. This lake being bounded by steep and +lofty hills, our march was very fatiguing. Those sides which were +exposed to the sun, were free from snow, and we found upon them +some excellent berries. We encamped at six P. M., having come +only six miles and a half. Credit was then missing, and he did not +return during the night. We supped off a single partridge and +some tripe de roche;this unpalatable weed was now quite nau-seous +to the whole party, and in several it produced bowel com-plaints. +Mr. Hood was the greatest sufferer from this cause. This +evening we were extremely distressed, at discovering that our im-provident +companions,since we left Hood's River, had thrown +away three of the fishing-nets, and burnt the floats ; they knew we +had brought them to procure subsistence for the party, when the +animals should fail, and we could scarcely believe the fact of their +having wilfully deprived themselves of this resource, especially +when we considered that most of them had passed the greater part of +their servitude in situations where the nets alone had supplied them +with food. Being thus deprived of our principal resource, that of +fishing, and the men evidently getting weaker every day, it became +necessary to lighten their burthens of every thing except ammunition, +clothing, and the instruments that were required to find our +way. I, therefore, issued directions to deposit at this encampment +the dipping needle, azimuth compass, magnet, a large thermometer, +and a few books we had carried, having torn out of these such parts +as we should require to work the observations for latitude and +longitude. I also promised,as an excitement to the efforts in +hunting, my gun to St. Germain, and an ample compensation to +Adam, or any of the other men who should kill any animals. +Mr. Hood, on this occasion, lent his gun to Michel, the Iroquois, +who was very eager in the chase, and often successful. + </fo:block> + + <fo:block font-size="8pt" + font-family="serif" + font-style="italic" + line-height="10pt" + space-before.optimum="3pt" + space-after.optimum="3pt" + text-align="start">September 14. + </fo:block> + + <!-- Normal text --> + <fo:block font-size="11pt" + font-family="serif" + line-height="12pt" + space-after.optimum="0pt" + text-align="start"> +This morning the officers being assembled round +a small fire, Perrault presented each of us with a small piece of meat +which he had saved from his allowance. It was received with great +thankfulness, and such an act of self-denial and kindness, being +totally unexpected in a Canadian voyager, filled our eyes with tears. +In directing our course to a river issuing from the lake, we met +Credit, who communicated the joyful intelligence of his having +killed two deer in the morning. We instantly halted, and having +shared the deer that was nearest to us, prepared breakfast. After +which, the other deer was sent for, and we went down to the river, +which was about three hundred yards wide, and flowed with +great velocity through a broken rocky channel. Having searched +for a part where the current was most smooth, the canoe was +placed in the water at the head of a rapid, and St. Germain, Solomon +Belanger, and I, embarked in order to cross. We went from the +shore very well, but in mid-channel the canoe became difficult to +manage under our burden as the breeze was fresh. The current +drove us to the edge of the rapid, when Belanger unfortunately +applied his paddle to avert the apparent danger of being forced +down it, and lost his balance. The canoe was overset in con-sequence +in the middle of the rapid. We fortunately kept hold of +it, until we touched a rock where the water did not reach higher +than our waists; here we kept our footing, notwithstanding the +strength of the current, until the water was emptied out of the +canoe. Belanger then held the canoe steady whilst St. Germain +placed me in it, and afterwards embarked himself in a very dexterous +manner. It was impossible, however, to embark Belanger, +as the canoe would have been hurried down the rapid, the moment +he should have raised his foot from the rock on which he stood. +We were, therefore, compelled to leave him in his perilous situation. +We had not gone twenty yards before the canoe, striking on a +sunken rock, went down. The place being shallow, we were again +enabled to empty it, and the third attempt brought us to the shore. +In the mean time Belanger was suffering extremely, immersed to +his middle in the centre of a rapid, the temperature of which was +very little above the freezing point, and the upper part of his body +covered with wet clothes, exposed in a temperature not much above +zero, to a strong breeze. He called piteously for relief, and +St. Germain on his return endeavoured to embark him, but in vain. +The canoe was hurried down the rapid, and when he landed he was +rendered by the cold incapable of further exertion, and Adam at-tempted +to embark Belanger, but found it impossible. An attempt +was next made to carry out to him a line, made of the slings of the +men's loads. This also failed, the current acting so strongly upon +it, as to prevent the canoe from steering, and it was finally broken +and carried down the stream. At length, when Belanger's strength +seemed almost exhausted, the canoe reached him with a small cord +belonging to one of the nets, and he was dragged perfectly senseless +through the rapid. By the direction of Dr. Richardson, he was +instantly stripped, and being rolled up in blankets, two men un-dressed +themselves and went to bed with him; but it was some +hours before he recovered his warmth and sensations. As soon as +Belanger was placed in his bed, the officers immediately sent over +my blankets, and a person to make a fire. Augustus brought the +canoe over, and in returning he was obliged to descend both the +rapids, before he could get across the stream; which hazardous +service he performed with the greatest coolness and judgment. It +is impossible to describe my sensations as I witnessed the various +unsuccessful attempts to relieve Belanger. The distance prevented +my seeing distinctly what was going on, and I continued pacing up +and down upon the rock on which I landed, regardless of the +coldness of my drenched and stiffening garments. The canoe, in +every attempt to reach him, was hurried down the rapid, and was +lost to the view amongst the rocky islets, with a rapidity that +seemed to threaten certain destruction; once, indeed, I fancied that +I saw it overwhelmed in the waves. Such an event would have +been fatal to the whole party. Separated as I was from my com-panions, +without gun, ammunition, hatchet, or the means of making +a fire, and in wet clothes, my doom would have been speedily sealed. +My companions too, driven to the necessity of coasting the lake, +must have sunk under the fatigue of rounding its innumerable arms +and bays, which, as we have learned from the Indians, are very +extensive. By the goodness of Providence, however, we were spared +at that time, and some of us have been permitted to offer up our +thanksgivings, in a civilized land, for the signal deliverances we then +and afterwards experienced. + </fo:block> + + </fo:flow> + </fo:page-sequence> +</fo:root> |