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diff --git a/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_rep_max_repeats.fo b/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_rep_max_repeats.fo deleted file mode 100644 index 9fb5f3189..000000000 --- a/docs/examples/pagination/franklin_rep_max_repeats.fo +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1024 +0,0 @@ -<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> - -<fo:root xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format"> - - <!-- defines page layout --> - <fo:layout-master-set> - - <!-- layout for the first page --> - <fo:simple-page-master master-name="repeating" - page-height="21.7cm" - page-width="16cm" - margin-top="1cm" - margin-bottom="1cm" - margin-left="2.5cm" - margin-right="2.5cm"> - <fo:region-body margin-top="2cm" margin-bottom="2cm"/> - <fo:region-before extent="2cm"/> - <fo:region-after extent="2cm"/> - </fo:simple-page-master> - - <fo:page-sequence-master master-name="repeating_pm"> - <fo:repeatable-page-master-reference master-reference="repeating" - maximum-repeats="15"/> - <fo:single-page-master-reference master-reference="repeating"/> - </fo:page-sequence-master> - </fo:layout-master-set> - <!-- end: defines page layout --> - - <!-- actual layout --> - <fo:page-sequence master-reference="repeating_pm" initial-page-number="1"> - - <!-- header --> - <fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-region-before"> - <fo:block text-align="start" font-size="10pt" - font-family="sans-serif" - line-height="10pt" > - John Franklin - Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea - </fo:block> - </fo:static-content> - - <fo:static-content flow-name="xsl-region-after"> - <fo:block text-align="end" - font-size="10pt" - font-family="sans-serif" - line-height="14pt" > - p. <fo:page-number/> - </fo:block> - </fo:static-content> - - <fo:flow flow-name="xsl-region-body"> - - <!-- defines local TOC --> - <fo:block font-size="10pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-before.optimum="10pt" - space-after.optimum="10pt" - text-align="start" - padding-top="6pt"> -Journey across the barren Grounds - Difficulty and delay in crossing Copper-Mine River - -Melancholy and fatal Results thereof - Extreme Misery of the whole Party - Murder of -Mr. Hood - Death of several of the Canadians - Desolate State of Fort Enterprise - -Distress suffered at that Place - Dr. Richardson's Narrative - Mr. Back's Narrative - -Conclusion. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">1821. August 17. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -MY original intention, whenever the season should -compel us to relinquish the survey, had been to return by the way -of the Copper-Mine River, and in pursuance of my arrangement -with the Hook to travel to Slave Lake through the line of woods -extending thither by the Great Bear and Marten Lakes, but our -scanty stock of provision and the length of the voyage rendered it -necessary to make for a nearer place. We had already found that -the country, between Cape Barrow and the Copper-Mine River, -would not supply our wants, and this it seemed probable would now -be still more the case ; besides, at this advanced season, we expected -the frequent recurrence of gales, which would cause great detention, -if not danger in proceeding along that very rocky part of the coast. -I determined, therefore, to make at once for Arctic Sound, where -we had found the animals more numerous than at any other place ; -and entering Hood's River, to advance up that stream as far as it -was navigable, and then to construct small canoes out of the -materials of the larger ones, which could be carried in crossing the -barren grounds to Fort Enterprise. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">August 19. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -We were almost beaten out of our comfortless abodes -by rain during the night, and this morning the gale continued -without diminution. The thermometer fell to 33 deg. Two men were -sent with Junius to search for the deer which Augustus had killed. -Junius returned in the evening bringing part of the meat, but owing -to the thickness of the weather, his companions parted from him -and did not make their appearance. Divine service was read. On -the 20th we were presented with the most chilling prospect, the -small pools of water being frozen over, the ground being covered -with snow, and the thermometer at the freezing point at mid-day. -Flights of geese were passing to the southward. The wind however -was more moderate, having changed to the eastward. Considerable -anxiety prevailing respecting Belanger and Michel, the two men -who strayed from Junius yesterday, the rest were sent out to look -for them. The search was successful, and they all returned in the -evening. The stragglers were much fatigued, and had suffered -severely from the cold, one of them having his thighs frozen, and -what under our present circumstances was most grievous, they had -thrown away all the meat. The wind during the night returned to -the north-west quarter, blew more violently than ever, and raised a -very turbulent sea. The next day did not improve our condition, -the snow remained on the ground, and the small pools were frozen. -Our hunters were sent out, but they returned after a fatiguing -day's march without having seen any animals. We made a scanty -meal off a handful of pemmican, after which only half a bag -remained. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The wind abated after midnight, and the surf diminished rapidly, -which caused us to be on the alert at a very early hour on the 22d, -but we had to wait until six A.M. for the return of Augustus who -had continued out all night on an unsuccessful pursuit of deer. -It appears that he had walked a few miles farther along the coast, -than the party had done on the 18th, and from a sketch he drew on -the sand, we were confirmed in our former opinion that the shore -inclined more to the eastward beyond Point Turnagain. He also -drew a river of considerable size, that discharges its waters into -Walker's Bay; on the banks of which stream he saw a piece of -wood, such as the Esquimaux use in producing fire, and other marks -so fresh that he supposed they had recently visited the spot. We -therefore left several iron materials for them. Our men, cheered by -the prospect of returning, embarked with the utmost alacrity; and, -paddling with unusual vigour, carried us across Riley's and Walker's -Bays, a distance of twenty miles before noon, when we landed on -Slate-Clay Point, as the wind had freshened too much to permit us -to continue the voyage. The whole party went to hunt, but returned -without success in the evening, drenched with the heavy rain which -commenced soon after they had set out. Several deer were seen, -but could not be approached in this naked country; and as our -stock of pemmican did not admit of serving out two meals, we went -dinnerless to bed. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Soon after our departure to-day, a sealed tin-case, sufficiently -buoyant to float, was thrown overboard, containing a short account of -our proceedings, and the position of the most conspicuous points. -The wind blew off the land, the water was smooth, and as the sea -is in this part more free from islands than in any other, there was -every probability of its being driven off the shore into the current ; -which, as I have before mentioned, we suppose, from the circumstance -of Mackenzie's River being the only known stream that -brings down the wood we have found along the shores, to set to the -eastward. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">August 23. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -A severe frost caused us to pass a comfortless night. -At two P.M. we set sail, and the men voluntarily launched out to -make a traverse of fifteen miles across Melville Sound, before a -strong wind and heavy sea. The privation of food, under which -our voyagers were then labouring, absorbed every other terror; -otherwise the most powerful persuasion could not have induced -them to attempt such a traverse. It was with the utmost difficulty -that the canoes were kept from turning their broadsides to the -waves, though we sometimes steered with all the paddles. One of -them narrowly escaped being overset by this accident, happening -in mid-channel, where the waves were so high that the mast-head -of our canoe was often hid from the other, though it was sailing -within hail. The annexed plate, from Mr. Back's sketch, will convey -to the reader an accurate idea of the peril of our situation. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The traverse, however, was made;we were then near a high -rocky lee shore, on which a heavy surf was beating. The wind -being on the beam, the canoes drifted fast to leeward; and, on -rounding a point, the recoil of the sea from the rocks was so great -that they were with difficulty kept from foundering. We looked in -vain for a sheltered bay to land in ; but, at length, being unable to -weather another point, we were obliged to put ashore on the open -beach, which, fortunately, was sandy at this spot. The debarkation -was effected in the manner represented in the plate; and, fortunately, -without further injury than the splitting of the head of -the second canoe, which was easily repaired. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Our encampment being near to the place where we killed the deer -on the 11th, almost the whole party went out to hunt, but they -returned in the evening without having seen any game. The -berries, however, were ripe and plentiful, and, with the addition -of some country tea, furnished a supper. There were some showers -in the afternoon,and the weather was cold, the thermometer -being 42 deg, but the evening and night were calm and fine. It may be -remarked that the mosquitoes disappeared when the late gales -commenced. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">August 25. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Embarking at three A. M., we stretched across -the eastern entrance of Bathurst's Inlet, and arrived at an island, -which I have named after Colonel Barry, of Newton Barry. Some -deer being seen on the beach, the hunters went in pursuit of -them, and succeeded in killing three females, which enabled us to -save our last remaining meal of pemmican. They saw also some -fresh tracks of musk oxen on the banks of a small stream, which -flowed into a lake in the centre of the island. These animals must -have crossed a channel, at least, three miles wide, to reach the nearest -of these islands. Some specimens of variegated pebbles and jasper -were found here imbedded in the amygdaloidal rock. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Re-embarking at two P.M., and continuing through what was -supposed to be a channel between two islands, we found our passage -barred by a gravelly isthmus of only ten yards in width ; the canoes -and cargoes were carried across it, and we passed into Bathurst's Inlet -through another similar channel, bounded on both sides by steep -rocky hills. The wind then changing from S.E. to N.W. brought -heavy rain, and we encamped at seven P.M., having advanced -eighteen miles. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Starting this morning with a fresh breeze in our favour, -we soon reached that part of Barry's Island where the canoes were -detained on the 2d and 3rd of this month, and contrary to what we -then experienced, the deer were now plentiful. The hunters killed -two, and we were relieved from all apprehension of an immediate -want of food. One would suppose the deer were about to retire to -the main shore from their assembling at this time in such numbers -on the islands nearest to the coast. Those we saw were generally -females with their young, and all of them very lean. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The wind continued in the same direction until we had rounded -Point Wollaston, and then changed to a quarter, which enabled us -to steer for Hood's River, which we ascended as high as the first -rapid and encamped. Here terminated our voyage on the Arctic -sea, during which we had gone over six hundred and fifty geographical -miles. Our Canadian voyagers could not restrain their expressions -of joy at having turned their backs on the sea, and -they passed the evening talking over their past adventures with -much humour and no little exaggeration. The consideration that -the most painful, and certainly the most hazardous, part of the -journey was yet to come, did not depress their spirits at all. It is -due to their character to mention that they displayed much courage -in encountering the dangers of the sea, magnified to them by their -novelty. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The shores between Cape Barrow and Cape Flinders, including -the extensive branches of Arctic and Melville Sounds, and Bathurst's -Inlet, may be comprehended in one great gulf, which I have distinguished -by the appellation of George IV.'s Coronation Gulf, in -honour of His Most Gracious Majesty, the latter name being added -to mark the time of its discovery. The Archipelago of islands which -fringe the coast from Copper-Mine River to Point Turnagain, I have -named in honour of His Royal Highness the Duke of York. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -It may be deserving of notice that the extremes in temperature -of the sea water during our voyage were 53 deg and 35 deg, but its general -temperature was between 43 deg and 48 deg. Throughout our return from -Point Turnagain we observed that the sea had risen several feet -above marks left at our former encampments. This may, perhaps, -be attributed to the north-west gales. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">August 26. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Previous to our departure this morning, an assortment -of iron materials, beads, looking-glasses, and other articles -were put up in a conspicuous situation for the Esquimaux, and the -English Union was planted on the loftiest sand-hill, where it might -be seen by any ships passing in the offing. Here also, was deposited -in a tin bow a letter containing an outline of our proceedings, the -latitude and longitude of the principal places, and the course we -intended to pursue towards Slave Lake. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Embarking at eight A.M. we proceeded up the river, which is full -of sandy shoals, but sufficiently deep for canoes in the channels. It is -from one hundred to two hundred yards wide, and is bounded by high -and steep banks of clay. We encamped at a cascade of eighteen or -twenty feet high, which is produced by a ridge of rock crossing the -river, and the nets were set. A mile below this cascade Hood's -River is joined by a stream half its own size, which I have called -James' Branch. Bear and deer tracks had been numerous on the -banks of the river when we were here before, but not a single recent -one was to be seen at this time. Credit, however, killed a small -deer at some distance inland, which, with the addition of berries, -furnished a delightful repast this evening. The weather was remarkably -fine, and the temperature so mild, that the mosquitoes again -made their appearance, but not in any great numbers. Our distance -made to-day was not more than six miles. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The next morning the net furnished us with ten white fish -and trout. Having made a further deposit of iron work for the -Esquimaux we pursued our voyage up the river, but the shoals and -rapids in this part were so frequent, that we walked along the banks -the whole day, and the crews laboured hard in carrying the canoes -thus lightened over the shoals or dragging them up the rapids, yet -our journey in a direct line was only about seven miles. In the -evening we encamped at the lower end of a narrow chasm through -which the river flows for upwards of a mile. The walls of this -chasm are upwards of two hundred feet high, quite perpendicular, -and in some places only a few yards apart. The river precipitates -itself into it over a rock, forming two magnificent and picturesque -falls close to each other. The upper fall is about sixty feet high, and -the lower one at least one hundred, but perhaps considerably more, -for the narrowness of the chasm into which it fell prevented us from -seeing its bottom, and we could merely discern the top of the spray -far beneath our feet. The lower fall is divided into two, by an -insulated column of rock which rises about forty feet above it. The -whole descent of the river at this place probably exceeds two -hundred and fifty feet. The rock is very fine felspathose sandstone. -It has a smooth surface and a light red colour. I have named these -magnificent cascades Wilberforce Falls, as a tribute of my respect -for that distinguished philanthropist and Christian. Messrs. Back and -Hood took beautiful sketches of this majestic scene, which are -combined in the annexed plate. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The river being surveyed from the summit of a hill, above these -falls, appeared so rapid and shallow, that it seemed useless to -attempt proceeding any farther in the large canoes. I therefore -determined on constructing out of their materials two smaller ones -of sufficient size to contain three persons, for the purpose of crossing -any river that might obstruct our progress. This operation was -accordingly commenced, and by the 31st both the canoes being -finished, we prepared for our departure on the following day. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The leather which had been preserved for making shoes was -equally divided among the men, two pairs of flannel socks were given -to each person, and such articles of warm clothing as remained, were -issued to those who most required them. They were also furnished -with one of the officers' tents. This being done, I communicated to -the men my intention of proceeding in as direct a course as possible -to the part of Point Lake, opposite to our spring encampment -which was only distant one hundred and forty-nine miles in a -straight line. They received the communication cheerfully, considered -the journey to be short, and left me, in high spirits, to -arrange their own packages. The stores, books, &c., which were not -absolutely necessary to be carried, were then put up in boxes to be -left en cache here, in order that the men's burdens might be as light -as possible. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The next morning was warm, and very fine. Every one was on -the alert at an early hour, being anxious to commence the journey. -Our luggage consisted of ammunition, nets, hatchets, ice chisels, -astronomical instruments, clothing, blankets, three kettles, and -the two canoes, which were each carried by one man. The -officers carried such a portion of their own things as their strength -would permit;the weight carried by each man was about ninety -pounds, and with this we advanced at the rate of about a mile an -hour, including rests. In the evening the hunters killed a lean cow, -out of a large drove of musk-oxen; but the men were too much -laden to carry more than a small portion of its flesh. The alluvial -soil, which towards the mouth of the river spreads into plains, -covered with grass and willows, was now giving place to a more -barren and hilly country; so that we could but just collect sufficient -brush wood to cook our suppers. The part of the river we skirted -to-day was shallow, and flowed over a bed of sand ; its width about -one hundred and twenty yards. About midnight our tent was blown -down by a squall, and we were completely drenched with rain before -it could be re-pitched. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -In the morning of the 1st of September a fall of snow took -place; the canoes became a cause of delay, by the difficulty of -carrying them in a high wind, and they sustained much damage -from the falls of those who had charge of them. The face of the -country was broken by hills of moderate elevation, but the ground -was plentifully strewed with small stones, which, to men bearing -heavy burthens, and whose feet were protected only by soft moose -skin shoes, occasioned great pain. At the end of eleven miles we -encamped, and sent for a musk-ox and a deer, which St. Germain -and Augustus had killed. The day was extremely cold, the ther-mometer -varying between 34 deg and 36 deg. In the afternoon a heavy -fall of snow took place, on the wind changing from north-west to -south-west. We found no wood at the encampment, but made a -fire of moss to cook the supper, and crept under our blankets for -warmth. At sun-rise the thermometer was at 31 deg, and the wind -fresh from north-west; but the weather became mild in the course -of the forenoon, and the snow disappeared from the gravel. The -afternoon was remarkably fine, and the thermometer rose to 50 deg. -One of the hunters killed a musk-ox. The hills in this part are -lower and more round-backed than those we passed yesterday, and -exhibited but little naked rock; they were covered with lichens. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Having ascertained from the summit of the highest hill near the -tents, that the river continued to preserve a west course; and fear-ing -that by pursuing it further we might lose much time, and un-necessarily -walk over a great deal of ground, I determined on -quitting its banks the next day, and making as directly as we could for -Point Lake. We accordingly followed the river on the 3d, only to -the place where the musk-ox had been killed last evening, and after -the meat was procured, crossed the river in our two canoes lashed -together. We now emerged from the valley of the river, and entered -a level, but very barren, country, varied only by small lakes and -marshes, the ground being covered with small stones. Many old tracks -of rein-deer were seen in the clayey soil, and some more recent -ones of the musk-ox. We encamped on the borders of Wright's -River, which flows to the eastward; the direct distance walked to-day -being ten miles and three-quarters. The next morning was -very fine, and,as the day advanced, the weather became quite -warm. We set out at six A. M., and, having forded the river, -walked over a perfectly level country, interspersed with small lakes, -which communicated with each other, by streams running in various -directions. No berry-bearing plants were found in this part, the -surface of the earth being thinly covered in the moister places with -a few grasses, and on the drier spots with lichens. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Having walked twelve miles and a half, we encamped at seven P.M., -and distributed our last piece of pemmican, and a little arrow-root -for supper, which afforded but a scanty meal. This evening was -warm, but dark clouds overspread the sky. Our men now began to -find their burdens very oppressive, and were much fatigued by this -day's march, but did not complain. One of them was lame from an -inflammation in the knee. Heavy rain commenced at midnight, and -continued without intermission until five in the morning, when it -was succeeded by snow on the wind changing to north-west, which -soon increased to a violent gale. As we had nothing to eat, and -were destitute of the means of making a fire, we remained in our -beds all the day ; but the covering of our blankets was insufficient to -prevent us from feeling the severity of the frost, and suffering in-convenience -from the drifting of the snow into our tents. There -was no abatement of the storm next day ; our tents were completely -frozen, and the snow had drifted around them to a depth of three -feet, and even in the inside there was a covering of several inches on -our blankets. Our suffering from cold, in a comfortless canvass tent -in such weather, with the temperature at 20 deg, and without fire, -will easily be imagined;it was, however, less than that which we -felt from hunger. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The morning of the 7th cleared up a little, but the wind was still -strong, and the weather extremely cold. From the unusual con-tinuance -of the storm, we feared the winter had set in with all its -rigour, and that by longer delay we should only be exposed to an -accumulation of difficulties; we therefore prepared for our journey, -although we were in a very unfit condition for starting, being weak -from fasting, and our garments stiffened by the frost. We had no -means of making a fire to thaw them, the moss, at all times difficult -to kindle, being now covered with ice and snow. A considerable -time was consumed in packing up the frozen tents and bed clothes, -the wind blowing so strong that no one could keep his hands long -out of his mittens. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -Just as we were about to commence our march, I was seized with -a fainting fit, in consequence of exhaustion and sudden exposure to -the wind; but after eating a morsel of portable soup, I recovered, so -far as to be able to move on. I was unwilling at first to take this -morsel of soup, which was diminishing the small and only remaining -meal for the party; but several of the men urged me to it, with -much kindness. The ground was covered a foot deep with snow, -the margin of the lakes was incrusted with ice, and the swamps over -which we had to pass were entirely frozen; but the ice not being -sufficiently strong to bear us, we frequently plunged knee-deep in -water. Those who carried the canoes were repeatedly blown down -by the violence of the wind, and they often fell, from making an -insecure step on a slippery stone; on one of these occasions, the -largest canoe was so much broken as to be rendered utterly unser-viceable. -This was felt as a serious disaster, as the remaining canoe -having through mistake been made too small, it was doubtful -whether it would be sufficient to carry us across a river. Indeed -we had found it necessary in crossing Hood's River, to lash the two -canoes together. As there was some suspicion that Benoit, who -carried the canoe, had broken it intentionally, he having on a former -occasion been overheard by some of the men to say, that he would -do so when he got it in charge, we closely examined him on the -point; he roundly denied having used the expressions attributed to -him, and insisted that it was broken by his falling accidentally; and -as he brought men to attest the latter fact, who saw him tumble, we -did not press the matter further. I may here remark that our -people had murmured a good deal at having to carry two canoes, -though they were informed of the necessity of taking both, in case -it should be deemed advisable to divide the party; which it had -been thought probable we should be obliged to do, if animals proved -scarce, in order to give the whole the better chance of procuring -subsistence, and also for the purpose of sending forward some of the -best walkers to search for Indians, and to get them to meet us with -supplies of provision. The power of doing this was now at an end. -As the accident could not be remedied we turned it to the best -account by making a fire of the bark and timbers of the broken -vessel, and cooked the remainder of our portable soup and arrow-root. -This was a scanty meal after three days' fasting, but it served -to allay the pangs of hunger, and enabled us to proceed at a quicker -pace than before. The depth of the snow caused us to march in -Indian file, that is in each other's steps; the voyagers taking it in -turn to lead the party. A distant object was pointed out to this -man in the direction we wished to take, and Mr. Hood followed -immediately behind him, to renew the bearings, and keep him from -deviating more than could be helped from the mark. It may be -here observed, that we proceeded in this manner throughout our -route across the barren grounds. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -In the afternoon we got into a more hilly country, where the -ground was strewed with large stones. The surface of these was -covered with lichens of the genus gyrophora, which the Canadians -term tripe de roche. A considerable quantity was gathered, and -with half a partridge each, (which were shot in the course of the -day,) furnished us with a slender supper, which we cooked with a -few willows, dug up from beneath the snow. We passed a comfortless -night in our damp clothes, but took the precaution of sleeping upon -our socks and shoes to prevent them from freezing. This plan was -afterwards adopted throughout the journey. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -At half past five in the morning we proceeded; and after walking -about two miles, came to Cracroft's River, flowing to the westward, -with a very rapid current over a rocky channel. We had much diffi-culty -in crossing this, the canoe being useless, not only from the bot-tom -of the channel being obstructed by large stones, but also from its -requiring gumming, an operation which, owing to the want of wood -and the frost, we were unable to perform. However, after following -the course of the river some way, we effected a passage by means of a -range of large rocks that crossed a rapid. As the current was strong, -and many of the rocks were covered with water to the depth of two -or three feet, the men were exposed to much danger in carrying their -heavy burthens across, and several of them actually slipped into the -stream, but were immediately rescued by the others. Junius went -farther up the river in search of a better crossing place, and did not -rejoin us to-day. As several of the party were drenched from head to -foot, and we were all wet to the middle, our clothes became stiff with -the frost, and we walked with much pain for the remainder of the day. -The march was continued to a late hour, being anxious to rejoin the -hunters who had gone before, but we were obliged to encamp at the -end of ten miles and a quarter, without seeing them. Our only -meal to-day consisted of a partridge each, (which the hunters shot,) -mixed with tripe de roche. This repast although scanty for men, -with appetites such as our daily fatigue created, proved a cheerful -one, and was received with thankfulness. Most of the men had to -sleep in the open air, in consequence of the absence of Credit, who -carried their tent; but we fortunately found an unusual quantity of -roots to make a fire, which prevented their suffering much from the -cold, though the thermometer was at 17 deg. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -We started at six on the 9th, and at the end of two miles re-gained -our hunters, who were halting on the borders of a lake amidst -a clump of stunted willows. This lake stretched to the westward as -far as we could see, and its waters were discharged by a rapid stream -one hundred and fifty yards wide. Being entirely ignorant where -we might be led by pursuing the course of the lake, and dreading -the idea of going a mile unnecessarily out of the way, we deter-mined -on crossing the river if possible; and the canoe was gummed -for the purpose, the willows furnishing us with fire. But we had to -await the return of Junius before we could make the traverse. In -the mean time we gathered a little tripe de roche, and breakfasted -upon it and a few partridges that were killed in the morning. -St. Germain and Adam were sent upon some recent tracks of deer. -Junius arrived in the afternoon, and informed us that he had seen -a large herd of musk-oxen on the banks of Cracroft's River, and had -wounded one of them, but it had escaped. He brought about four -pounds of meat, the remains of a deer that had been devoured by -the wolves. The poor fellow was much fatigued, having walked -throughout the night, but as the weather was particularly favourable -for our crossing the river, we could not allow him to rest. After he -had taken some refreshment we proceeded to the river. The canoe -being put into the water was found extremely ticklish, but it was -managed with much dexterity by St. Germain, Adam, and Peltier, -who ferried over one passenger at a time, causing him to lie flat in its -bottom, by no means a pleasant position, owing to its leakiness, but -there was no alternative. The transport of the whole party was -effected by five o'clock, and we walked about two miles further, and -encamped, having come five miles and three quarters on a south-west -course. Two young alpine hares were shot by St. Germain, which, -with the small piece of meat brought in by Junius, furnished the -supper of the whole party. There was no tripe de roche here. The -country had now become decidedly hilly, and was covered with snow. -The lake preserved its western direction, as far as I could see from -the summit of the highest mountain near the encampment. We -subsequently learned from the Copper Indians, that the part at -which we had crossed the river was the Congecatha-wha-chaga of -Hearne, of which I had little idea at the time, not only from the -difference of latitude, but also from its being so much farther east of -the mouth of the Copper-Mine River, than his track is laid down. -He only making one degree and three quarters difference of lon-gitude, -and we, upwards of four. Had I been aware of the fact, -several days harassing march, and a disastrous accident would have -been prevented by keeping on the western side of the lake, instead -of crossing the river. We were informed also, that this river is -the Anatessy or River of Strangers, and is supposed to fall into -Bathurst's Inlet; but although the Indians have visited its mouth, -their description was not sufficient to identify it with any of the -rivers whose mouths we had seen. It probably falls in that part of -the coast which was hid from our view by Goulburn's or Elliot's -Islands. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">September 10. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -We had a cold north wind, and the atmosphere -was foggy. The thermometer 18 deg at five A.M. In the course of -our march this morning, we passed many small lakes; and the -ground becoming higher and more hilly as we receded from the -river, was covered to a much greater depth with snow. This ren-dered -walking not only extremely laborious, but also hazardous in -the highest degree;for the sides of the hills, as is usual throughout -the barren grounds, abounding in accumulations of large angular -stones, it often happened that the men fell into the interstices -with their loads on their backs, being deceived by the smooth -appearance of the drifted snow. If any one had broken a limb -here, his fate would have been melancholy indeed; we could neither -have remained with him, nor carried him on. We halted at ten to -gather tripe de roche,but it was so frozen, that we were quite -benumbed with cold before a sufficiency could be collected even for -a scanty meal. On proceeding our men were somewhat cheered, by -observing on the sandy summit of a hill, from whence the snow had -been blown, the summer track of a man; and afterwards by seeing -several deer tracks on the snow. About noon the weather cleared -up a little, and, to our great joy, we saw a herd of musk-oxen -grazing in a valley below us. The party instantly halted, and the -best hunters were sent out; they approached the animals with the -utmost caution, no less than two hours being consumed before they -got within gun-shot. In the mean time we beheld their proceed-ings -with extreme anxiety, and many secret prayers were, doubtless, -offered up for their success. At length they opened their fire, and -we had the satisfaction of seeing one of the largest cows fall; another -was wounded, but escaped. This success infused spirit into our -starving party. To skin and cut up the animal was the work of a -few minutes. The contents of its stomach were devoured upon -the spot, and the raw intestines, which were next attacked, were -pronounced by the most delicate amongst us to be excellent. A few -willows, whose tops were seen peeping through the snow in the bottom -of the valley, were quickly grubbed, the tents pitched, and supper -cooked, and devoured with avidity. This was the sixth day since we -had had a good meal. The tripe de roche, even where we got -enough, only serving to allay the pangs of hunger for a short time. -After supper, two of the hunters went in pursuit of the herd, but -could not get near them. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -We were detained all the next day by a strong southerly wind, -and were much incommoded in the tents by the drift snow. The -temperature was 20 deg. The average for the last ten days about -24.5 deg. We restricted ourselves to one meal to-day as we were at -rest, and there was only meat remaining sufficient for the next day. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -The gale had not diminished on the 12th, and, as we were -fearful of its continuance for some time, we determined on going -forward; our only doubt regarded the preservation of the canoe, -but the men promised to pay particular attention to it, and the -most careful persons were appointed to take it in charge. The snow -was two feet deep, and the ground much broken, which rendered -the march extremely painful. The whole party complained more of -faintness and weakness than they had ever done before; their -strength seemed to have been impaired by the recent supply of -animal food. In the afternoon the wind abated, and the snow ceased; -cheered with the change we proceeded forward at a quicker pace, -and encamped at six P. M., having come eleven miles. Our supper -consumed the last of our meat. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -We set out on the 13th, in thick hazy weather, and, after an hour's -march, had the extreme mortification to find ourselves on the -borders of a large lake, which we subsequently learned from the -Indians was named Contwoy-to, or Rum Lake; neither of its extre- -mities could be seen, and as the portion which lay to the east -seemed the widest, we coasted along to the westward portion in -search of a crossing-place. This lake being bounded by steep and -lofty hills, our march was very fatiguing. Those sides which were -exposed to the sun, were free from snow, and we found upon them -some excellent berries. We encamped at six P. M., having come -only six miles and a half. Credit was then missing, and he did not -return during the night. We supped off a single partridge and -some tripe de roche;this unpalatable weed was now quite nau-seous -to the whole party, and in several it produced bowel com-plaints. -Mr. Hood was the greatest sufferer from this cause. This -evening we were extremely distressed, at discovering that our im-provident -companions,since we left Hood's River, had thrown -away three of the fishing-nets, and burnt the floats ; they knew we -had brought them to procure subsistence for the party, when the -animals should fail, and we could scarcely believe the fact of their -having wilfully deprived themselves of this resource, especially -when we considered that most of them had passed the greater part of -their servitude in situations where the nets alone had supplied them -with food. Being thus deprived of our principal resource, that of -fishing, and the men evidently getting weaker every day, it became -necessary to lighten their burthens of every thing except ammunition, -clothing, and the instruments that were required to find our -way. I, therefore, issued directions to deposit at this encampment -the dipping needle, azimuth compass, magnet, a large thermometer, -and a few books we had carried, having torn out of these such parts -as we should require to work the observations for latitude and -longitude. I also promised,as an excitement to the efforts in -hunting, my gun to St. Germain, and an ample compensation to -Adam, or any of the other men who should kill any animals. -Mr. Hood, on this occasion, lent his gun to Michel, the Iroquois, -who was very eager in the chase, and often successful. - </fo:block> - - <fo:block font-size="8pt" - font-family="serif" - font-style="italic" - line-height="10pt" - space-before.optimum="3pt" - space-after.optimum="3pt" - text-align="start">September 14. - </fo:block> - - <!-- Normal text --> - <fo:block font-size="11pt" - font-family="serif" - line-height="12pt" - space-after.optimum="0pt" - text-align="start"> -This morning the officers being assembled round -a small fire, Perrault presented each of us with a small piece of meat -which he had saved from his allowance. It was received with great -thankfulness, and such an act of self-denial and kindness, being -totally unexpected in a Canadian voyager, filled our eyes with tears. -In directing our course to a river issuing from the lake, we met -Credit, who communicated the joyful intelligence of his having -killed two deer in the morning. We instantly halted, and having -shared the deer that was nearest to us, prepared breakfast. After -which, the other deer was sent for, and we went down to the river, -which was about three hundred yards wide, and flowed with -great velocity through a broken rocky channel. Having searched -for a part where the current was most smooth, the canoe was -placed in the water at the head of a rapid, and St. Germain, Solomon -Belanger, and I, embarked in order to cross. We went from the -shore very well, but in mid-channel the canoe became difficult to -manage under our burden as the breeze was fresh. The current -drove us to the edge of the rapid, when Belanger unfortunately -applied his paddle to avert the apparent danger of being forced -down it, and lost his balance. The canoe was overset in con-sequence -in the middle of the rapid. We fortunately kept hold of -it, until we touched a rock where the water did not reach higher -than our waists; here we kept our footing, notwithstanding the -strength of the current, until the water was emptied out of the -canoe. Belanger then held the canoe steady whilst St. Germain -placed me in it, and afterwards embarked himself in a very dexterous -manner. It was impossible, however, to embark Belanger, -as the canoe would have been hurried down the rapid, the moment -he should have raised his foot from the rock on which he stood. -We were, therefore, compelled to leave him in his perilous situation. -We had not gone twenty yards before the canoe, striking on a -sunken rock, went down. The place being shallow, we were again -enabled to empty it, and the third attempt brought us to the shore. -In the mean time Belanger was suffering extremely, immersed to -his middle in the centre of a rapid, the temperature of which was -very little above the freezing point, and the upper part of his body -covered with wet clothes, exposed in a temperature not much above -zero, to a strong breeze. He called piteously for relief, and -St. Germain on his return endeavoured to embark him, but in vain. -The canoe was hurried down the rapid, and when he landed he was -rendered by the cold incapable of further exertion, and Adam at-tempted -to embark Belanger, but found it impossible. An attempt -was next made to carry out to him a line, made of the slings of the -men's loads. This also failed, the current acting so strongly upon -it, as to prevent the canoe from steering, and it was finally broken -and carried down the stream. At length, when Belanger's strength -seemed almost exhausted, the canoe reached him with a small cord -belonging to one of the nets, and he was dragged perfectly senseless -through the rapid. By the direction of Dr. Richardson, he was -instantly stripped, and being rolled up in blankets, two men un-dressed -themselves and went to bed with him; but it was some -hours before he recovered his warmth and sensations. As soon as -Belanger was placed in his bed, the officers immediately sent over -my blankets, and a person to make a fire. Augustus brought the -canoe over, and in returning he was obliged to descend both the -rapids, before he could get across the stream; which hazardous -service he performed with the greatest coolness and judgment. It -is impossible to describe my sensations as I witnessed the various -unsuccessful attempts to relieve Belanger. The distance prevented -my seeing distinctly what was going on, and I continued pacing up -and down upon the rock on which I landed, regardless of the -coldness of my drenched and stiffening garments. The canoe, in -every attempt to reach him, was hurried down the rapid, and was -lost to the view amongst the rocky islets, with a rapidity that -seemed to threaten certain destruction; once, indeed, I fancied that -I saw it overwhelmed in the waves. Such an event would have -been fatal to the whole party. Separated as I was from my com-panions, -without gun, ammunition, hatchet, or the means of making -a fire, and in wet clothes, my doom would have been speedily sealed. -My companions too, driven to the necessity of coasting the lake, -must have sunk under the fatigue of rounding its innumerable arms -and bays, which, as we have learned from the Indians, are very -extensive. By the goodness of Providence, however, we were spared -at that time, and some of us have been permitted to offer up our -thanksgivings, in a civilized land, for the signal deliverances we then -and afterwards experienced. - </fo:block> - - </fo:flow> - </fo:page-sequence> -</fo:root> |